Урок 10 (B2): Эмфатические конструкции (Cleft sentences: "What I need is...", "It was John who...")

Привет! В предыдущем уроке мы освоили модальные глаголы в прошедшем времени для выражения предположений. Сегодня мы изучаем мощный инструмент для создания акцента и драматического эффекта — эмфатические конструкции, или Cleft Sentences (расщепленные предложения).

Представьте, что обычное предложение — это нейтральный свет в комнате. Эмфатические конструкции — это направленный прожектор, который высвечивает именно ту информацию, на которую вы хотите обратить внимание.

Обычно: John bought the car yesterday. С эмфазой: It was John who bought the car yesterday. (акцент на том, КТО купил) С эмфазой: It was the car that John bought yesterday. (акцент на том, ЧТО купил) С эмфазой: It was yesterday that John bought the car. (акцент на том, КОГДА купил)

Эти конструкции незаменимы для:

• Создания драматического эффекта в речи
• Исправления неправильной информации
• Подчеркивания ключевых фактов
• Контраста и противопоставления
• Ответов на конкретные вопросы

На уровне B2 владение эмфатическими конструкциями показывает способность к сложной организации информации и позволяет звучать более убедительно и выразительно. Готовы освоить искусство языкового акцента? Начинаем!

🎯 Основные концепции: Что такое Cleft Sentences?

🔍 Определение и функция

Cleft Sentences (расщепленные предложения) — это конструкции, которые "расщепляют" обычное предложение на две части, чтобы выделить определенную информацию. Слово "cleft" означает "расщепленный" или "разделенный".

Основная функция: Создание фокуса на конкретной части информации

🔍 Основные типы Cleft Sentences

1. It-cleft sentences (с "It")
2. Wh-cleft sentences (с "What/Who/Where" и т.д.)
3. Reverse Wh-cleft sentences (обратные)
4. All-cleft sentences (с "All")

📚 It-cleft Sentences

🔍 Структура It-cleft

Формула: It + be + ФОКУС + relative clause (who/that/when/where)

Базовое предложение: John called me yesterday.

It-cleft варианты:

• It was John who called me yesterday. (фокус на КТО)
• It was me that John called yesterday. (фокус на КОГО)
• It was yesterday that John called me. (фокус на КОГДА)

🔍 Фокус на людях (who)

Подлежащее

• Обычно: The teacher explained the rule.
• It-cleft: It was the teacher who explained the rule.

Дополнение

• Обычно: I met Sarah at the conference.
• It-cleft: It was Sarah that I met at the conference.

Примеры:

• It was my brother who won the competition.
• It was the CEO that made the final decision.
• It was you who suggested this idea first.

🔍 Фокус на предметах (that)

Подлежащее

• Обычно: The earthquake caused the damage.
• It-cleft: It was the earthquake that caused the damage.

Дополнение

• Обычно: She bought a new laptop.
• It-cleft: It was a new laptop that she bought.

Примеры:

• It was this book that changed my perspective.
• It was the red car that hit the tree.
• It was hard work that led to their success.

🔍 Фокус на времени, месте, причине (when/where/why)

Время (when)

• It was at midnight that the alarm went off.
• It was last summer that we visited Europe.
• It was after the meeting when she told me the truth.

Место (where)

• It was in Paris that they met.
• It was at the university where I learned this.
• It was in the kitchen that we found the keys.

Причина/способ (why/how)

• It was because of the rain that the game was cancelled.
• It was by working hard that he achieved success.

🔍 Отрицательные It-cleft конструкции

• It wasn't John who called you last night.
• It isn't money that makes people happy.
• It won't be easy that solves this problem.

📚 Wh-cleft Sentences (Pseudo-cleft)

🔍 Структура Wh-cleft

Формула: Wh-clause + be + ФОКУС

🔍 What-cleft (наиболее распространенные)

Фокус на действии

• Обычно: I need help.

• What-cleft: What I need is help.

• Обычно: She wants to travel.

• What-cleft: What she wants is to travel.

Больше примеров:

• What I don't understand is why he left.
• What we need is more time.
• What happened next was completely unexpected.
• What bothers me most is his attitude.

Фокус на том, кто делает действие

• What John did was quit his job.
• What the company needs is better management.
• What she said was absolutely right.

🔍 Другие Wh-cleft конструкции

Who-cleft

• Who I called was my mother.
• Who won the prize was the youngest contestant.
• Who we hired was the most qualified candidate.

Where-cleft

• Where I went was to the library.
• Where they live is in the suburbs.
• Where the problem lies is in poor communication.

When-cleft

• When I realized the truth was after reading her letter.
• When they arrived was just before midnight.
• When everything changed was during the pandemic.

How-cleft

• How I solved the problem was by asking for help.
• How they won was through teamwork.
• How she learned English was by watching movies.

Why-cleft

• Why I left was because of the toxic environment.
• Why they succeeded was their dedication.
• Why the project failed was lack of funding.

📚 Reverse Wh-cleft Sentences

🔍 Структура Reverse Wh-cleft

Формула: ФОКУС + be + Wh-clause

Это обратная версия обычных Wh-cleft конструкций:

Обычный Wh-cleft vs. Reverse Wh-cleft

• Обычный: What I need is more time.
• Reverse: More time is what I need.

Примеры Reverse Wh-cleft:

• Help is what I need right now.
• Your attitude is what bothers me most.
• Better communication is what this company needs.
• Hard work is what led to their success.
• The red car is what hit the tree.

🔍 Эмфатический эффект Reverse Wh-cleft

Reverse конструкции создают особенно сильный акцент, начиная предложение с самой важной информации:

• Honesty is what I value most in people. (Честность — превыше всего)
• Money is what destroyed their friendship. (Деньги — вот что разрушило дружбу)
• You are what matters most to me. (Ты — самое важное для меня)

📚 All-cleft Sentences

🔍 Конструкции с "All"

Эти конструкции подчеркивают ограниченность или исключительность:

All + subject + verb + be + focus

• All I want is peace and quiet.
• All she did was complain.
• All we need is each other.
• All that matters is your happiness.

All + that + clause

• All that I know is that he left.
• All that happened was a misunderstanding.
• All that we can do is wait.

Эмфатический эффект: Подчеркивает, что кроме указанного, больше ничего нет или не важно.

📚 Особенности использования в американском английском

🔍 Частота использования

1. В разговорной речи:

   • It-cleft: очень популярны для исправлений и акцента
   • What-cleft: широко используются в повседневном общении
   • Reverse cleft: реже, в основном для сильной эмфазы

2. Региональные предпочтения:

   • Американский Юг: больше What-cleft конструкций
   • Западное побережье: предпочтение It-cleft в деловом общении
   • Средний Запад: более нейтральное использование

🔍 Разговорные особенности

Сокращения

• It's what I need. (вместо "It is what I need")
• That's what happened. (вместо "That is what happened")

Неформальные варианты

• What I'm saying is... (очень популярно в разговорной речи)
• The thing is... (альтернатива What-cleft)
• What it is is... (двойная конструкция в некоторых диалектах)

🔍 В американских СМИ и политике

Политические выступления:

• What America needs is strong leadership.
• It's jobs that matter most to working families.

Новости:

• What happened next shocked everyone.
• It was the hurricane that caused the most damage.

🧠 Мнемотехники для запоминания Cleft Sentences

1. Правило "Прожектора"

Обычное предложение = Общее освещение
Cleft sentence = Направленный прожектор на важную информацию

Техника: Представьте, что вы режиссер — на что хотите направить свет внимания?

2. Формула "SPLIT" для It-cleft

• Subject focus: It was John who...
• Place focus: It was in Paris that...
• Logic focus: It was because that...
• Item focus: It was the book that...
• Time focus: It was yesterday when...

3. Мнемоника "WHAT-WANT" для Wh-cleft

What I Want
All I Ask
Need is Now
Time is Truth

4. Правило "Question-Answer"

Cleft sentences часто отвечают на скрытые вопросы:

• Who? → It was John who called.
• What? → What I need is help.
• Where? → It was in Paris that we met.
• When? → It was yesterday that it happened.

⚠️ Типичные ошибки русскоговорящих

1. Неправильный выбор относительного местоимения

   ❌ It was John which called me. (Which для людей)
   ✅ It was John who called me.

2. Ошибки в согласовании времен

   ❌ It was yesterday when John calls me. (Несогласованность времен)
   ✅ It was yesterday when John called me.

3. Неправильная структура What-cleft

   ❌ What I need it is help. (Лишнее "it")
   ✅ What I need is help.

4. Путаница с All-cleft

   ❌ All what I want is peace. (Неправильное сочетание)
   ✅ All I want is peace. или What I want is peace.

5. Избыточное использование cleft sentences

   ❌ It was John who it was that called me. (Двойная конструкция)
   ✅ It was John who called me.

6. Калька с русского

   ❌ It is that John called me. (Прямой перевод "это то, что")
   ✅ John called me. (простое предложение) или It was John who called me. (с эмфазой)

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: Исправление недоразумения

Sarah: I heard that Mike got the promotion.

Tom: Actually, it was David who got the promotion, not Mike.

Sarah: Really? I thought Mike was the most qualified candidate.

Tom: What made the difference was David's presentation to the board. It was his innovative ideas that impressed everyone.

Sarah: What I don't understand is why no one told me about this earlier.

Tom: It was only yesterday that the decision was announced. What the company wanted was to keep it confidential until all paperwork was completed.

Sarah: It's the lack of communication that bothers me most about this place.

Tom: I agree. What we need is better transparency in management decisions.

Sarah: All I want is to be informed about important changes that might affect our department.

Tom: That's exactly what everyone is saying. It was at yesterday's meeting where several people raised the same concern.

Диалог 2: Планирование вечеринки

Lisa: So, what do we still need for Saturday's party?

Emma: What we need most is more food. It was Sarah who was supposed to handle the catering, but she can't make it now.

Lisa: What I can do is order pizza for everyone. It's not fancy food that people expect at these gatherings anyway.

Emma: Good idea. What about decorations? It was Mike who promised to bring them.

Lisa: It was this morning when he called to confirm. What he's bringing is balloons and streamers.

Emma: Perfect. What I'm worried about is the music. It was Tom who had the best playlist last time.

Lisa: It's not the music that makes a party great — it's the people who attend. But I'll ask Tom anyway.

Emma: What we should focus on is making sure everyone has a good time. All we really need is good company.

Lisa: You're right. It's the friendship that matters, not the perfect party planning.

Диалог 3: Расследование проблемы на работе

Manager: We need to figure out what went wrong with the Johnson project.

Alex: It was the delayed shipment that caused the initial problems. What happened was our supplier had production issues.

Manager: What I want to know is why we weren't notified earlier about these delays.

Sarah: It was on Monday when we first heard about the problems. What our supplier told us was that it would only be a two-day delay.

Manager: It's not the delay itself that concerns me — it's the poor communication that's the real issue.

Alex: What we should have done was contact alternative suppliers immediately.

Manager: It was exactly that kind of proactive thinking that was missing. What I expect in the future is immediate escalation of any potential problems.

Sarah: All we can do now is learn from this experience. What matters most is how we handle similar situations going forward.

Manager: Agreed. It's prevention, not reaction, that we need to focus on. What I'm going to do is implement a new monitoring system.

Alex: That's exactly what this company needs — better early warning systems.

📚 Cleft Sentences в различных контекстах

🔍 В рекламе и маркетинге

Привлечение внимания:

• What makes our product special is its unique design.
• It's quality that sets us apart from competitors.
• What you deserve is the best service available.

Создание контраста:

• It's not price that matters — it's value.
• What we offer isn't just a product — it's a solution.

🔍 В презентациях и выступлениях

Введение ключевых пунктов:

• What I want to discuss today is our future strategy.
• It's innovation that will drive our success.
• What we've discovered is a significant market opportunity.

Подведение итогов:

• What this means for us is tremendous growth potential.
• It's teamwork that made these results possible.

🔍 В академическом письме

Выделение главного аргумента:

• What the research demonstrates is a clear correlation.
• It was Smith (2020) who first proposed this theory.
• What remains unclear is the long-term impact.

🔍 В новостях и журналистике

Привлечение внимания к главному:

• What happened next shocked the entire community.
• It was the mayor who made the controversial statement.
• What experts are saying is that change is inevitable.

🔍 В повседневном общении

Выражение мнений:

• What I think is that we should wait.
• It's honesty that I value most in friendship.
• What bothers me is his constant complaining.

Исправление информации:

• It was Tuesday when we met, not Wednesday.
• What I said was completely different.
• It's Sarah who needs help, not me.

📚 Итоговая таблица: Типы эмфатических конструкций

Функции эмфатических конструкций:

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Преобразуйте предложения в It-cleft конструкции

1. John won the competition. (фокус на John)
2. The storm caused the power outage. (фокус на storm)
3. We met at the conference last year. (фокус на at the conference)
4. She called me yesterday. (фокус на yesterday)
5. Hard work led to his success. (фокус на hard work)
6. The teacher explained the grammar rule. (фокус на the teacher)
7. I bought this dress in Paris. (фокус на in Paris)
8. The earthquake happened at midnight. (фокус на at midnight)

Упражнение 2: Создайте What-cleft конструкции

1. I need more time.
2. She wants to travel around the world.
3. The problem is poor communication.
4. He said something very interesting.
5. We should focus on quality.
6. I don't understand his behavior.
7. The company needs better leadership.
8. She did something unexpected.

Упражнение 3: Преобразуйте в Reverse What-cleft

1. What I want is freedom.
2. What bothers me is his attitude.
3. What we need is better planning.
4. What I love most is spending time with family.
5. What made the difference was teamwork.
6. What I don't like is waiting.
7. What surprises me is his reaction.
8. What we should focus on is the future.

Упражнение 4: Выберите правильный вариант

1. (It was / What was) John (who / that) called me last night.
2. (What / All) I need (is / are) some peace and quiet.
3. It was (in Paris / Paris) (where / that) we first met.
4. (What / That) happened next (was / were) completely unexpected.
5. (It's / What's) not money (what / that) makes people happy.
6. (All / What) (that / what) matters is your health.
7. (What / It) I don't understand (is / it's) why he left.
8. It was (because of / because) the rain (that / when) the game was cancelled.

Упражнение 5: Исправьте ошибки

1. It was John which won the prize.
2. What I need it is help.
3. It is yesterday when I saw him.
4. All what I want is peace.
5. What happens was unexpected.
6. It was the book what helped me.
7. That I need is more time.
8. It was in there where we met.

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1: Создание эмфатических диалогов

Напишите диалог между двумя людьми, где один исправляет неверную информацию другого. Используйте минимум 8 различных эмфатических конструкций. Тема на выбор:

• Обсуждение фильма/книги
• Планы на выходные
• Рабочий проект
• Воспоминания о путешествии

Задание 2: Трансформация текста

Перепишите следующий абзац, используя эмфатические конструкции для создания более драматичного эффекта:

John started the company in 2010. Hard work and determination helped him succeed. He hired his first employee in 2012. The economic crisis in 2015 almost destroyed the business. His innovative marketing strategy saved the company. Today, he employs over 100 people and focuses on sustainable business practices.

Задание 3: Анализ речи

Найдите в интернете выступление политика или бизнес-лидера на английском языке. Выпишите все эмфатические конструкции и объясните, какой эффект они создают. Если их нет, перепишите 5 предложений, добавив эмфатические структуры.

Задание 4: Рекламный текст

Создайте рекламный текст для продукта на выбор (смартфон, автомобиль, ресторан, курсы английского). Используйте различные эмфатические конструкции для привлечения внимания и выделения преимуществ. Минимум 10 предложений, 6 из которых должны содержать cleft structures.

Задание 5: Переведите диалог

Переведите следующий диалог на английский язык, используя подходящие эмфатические конструкции:

— Кто разбил окно? — Это Том разбил окно, а не я. — Что ты делал вчера вечером? — То, что я делал, — это читал книгу дома. — Где вы познакомились с Анной? — Именно в университете мы и познакомились. — Что тебе больше всего нравится в работе? — То, что мне нравится больше всего, — это творческие задачи. — Почему ты выбрал эту профессию? — Именно любовь к языкам и привела меня в эту сферу.

📚 Ответы к упражнениям

Упражнение 1

1. It was John who won the competition.
2. It was the storm that caused the power outage.
3. It was at the conference that we met last year.
4. It was yesterday that she called me.
5. It was hard work that led to his success.
6. It was the teacher who explained the grammar rule.
7. It was in Paris that I bought this dress.
8. It was at midnight that the earthquake happened.

Упражнение 2

1. What I need is more time.
2. What she wants is to travel around the world.
3. What the problem is is poor communication.
4. What he said was something very interesting.
5. What we should focus on is quality.
6. What I don't understand is his behavior.
7. What the company needs is better leadership.
8. What she did was something unexpected.

Упражнение 3

1. Freedom is what I want.
2. His attitude is what bothers me.
3. Better planning is what we need.
4. Spending time with family is what I love most.
5. Teamwork is what made the difference.
6. Waiting is what I don't like.
7. His reaction is what surprises me.
8. The future is what we should focus on.

Упражнение 4

1. It was; who
2. All; is
3. in Paris; that
4. What; was
5. It's; that
6. All; that
7. What; is
8. because of; that

Упражнение 5

1. ❌ It was John which won the prize. → ✅ It was John who won the prize.
2. ❌ What I need it is help. → ✅ What I need is help.
3. ❌ It is yesterday when I saw him. → ✅ It was yesterday that I saw him.
4. ❌ All what I want is peace. → ✅ All I want is peace.
5. ❌ What happens was unexpected. → ✅ What happened was unexpected.
6. ❌ It was the book what helped me. → ✅ It was the book that helped me.
7. ❌ That I need is more time. → ✅ What I need is more time.
8. ❌ It was in there where we met. → ✅ It was there that we met.