Урок 12 (B2): Расширенное использование герундия и инфинитива в сложных конструкциях

Привет! В предыдущем уроке мы освоили номинализацию для создания формального стиля. Сегодня мы углубляемся в продвинутые конструкции с герундием и инфинитивом — неличными формами глагола, которые открывают безграничные возможности для выражения сложных идей.

Если базовые герундий и инфинитив — это простые инструменты, то их расширенные формы — это целый оркестр языковых возможностей. Представьте:

Простой герундий: I enjoy reading.
Перфектный герундий: I regret having missed the opportunity.
Пассивный герундий: She appreciates being recognized for her work.

Простой инфинитив: I want to help.
Перфектный инфинитив: She seems to have finished the project.
Пассивный инфинитив: He expects to be promoted soon.

Эти конструкции позволяют:

• Выражать сложные временные отношения
• Создавать элегантные пассивные структуры
• Строить изысканные предложения с множественными смысловыми слоями
• Достигать высокого уровня языковой сложности

На уровне B2 владение расширенными формами герундия и инфинитива — это билет в клуб продвинуых носителей языка. Готовы освоить эти изысканные конструкции? Погружаемся в мир неличных форм!

🎯 Основные концепции: Неличные формы глагола

🔍 Что такое расширенные формы герундия и инфинитива?

Расширенные формы — это сложные конструкции, которые позволяют выражать:

1. Временные отношения (действие произошло раньше/позже)
2. Залоговые отношения (активный/пассивный залог)
3. Аспектуальные отношения (завершенность/продолженность)
4. Модальные отношения (необходимость/возможность)

🔍 Основные типы расширенных форм

Герундий:

• Simple Gerund: reading
• Perfect Gerund: having read
• Passive Gerund: being read
• Perfect Passive Gerund: having been read

Инфинитив:

• Simple Infinitive: to read
• Perfect Infinitive: to have read
• Passive Infinitive: to be read
• Perfect Passive Infinitive: to have been read
• Continuous Infinitive: to be reading

📚 Перфектные формы герундия

🔍 Perfect Gerund (having + Past Participle)

Перфектный герундий выражает действие, которое произошло раньше основного действия в предложении.

Основные случаи использования

1. Последовательность действий:

• She regrets having quit her job. (Сначала уволилась, потом сожалеет)
• I appreciate having been given this opportunity. (Сначала дали возможность, потом благодарю)
• He denied having stolen the money. (Отрицает, что раньше украл)

2. После определенных глаголов:

• admit: She admitted having made a mistake.
• deny: He denied having seen the document.
• regret: We regret having missed the deadline.
• appreciate: I appreciate having been invited.
• remember: Do you remember having met him before?
• forget: I'll never forget having visited that place.

3. После предлогов для выражения причины:

• After having worked all night, she felt exhausted.
• Before having seen the movie, I read the book.
• He was punished for having lied to his parents.
• Despite having studied hard, she failed the exam.

Сравнение Simple Gerund vs. Perfect Gerund

Simple Gerund (одновременные действия):

• I enjoy reading books. (Наслаждаюсь чтением — процесс происходит сейчас)

Perfect Gerund (предшествующие действия):

• I regret having read that book. (Сожалею о том, что прочитал — действие завершено в прошлом)

🔍 Perfect Passive Gerund (having been + Past Participle)

Выражает пассивное действие, которое произошло раньше основного действия:

• She appreciates having been chosen for the position.
• He regrets having been criticized so harshly.
• The building is proud of having been restored to its former glory.
• I remember having been told this story before.

📚 Пассивные формы герундия

🔍 Passive Gerund (being + Past Participle)

Пассивный герундий выражает пассивное действие, происходящее одновременно с основным действием:

После глаголов, выражающих чувства:

• She enjoys being praised by her colleagues.
• He hates being criticized in public.
• I appreciate being recognized for my work.
• They love being invited to exclusive events.

После предлогов:

• She's tired of being ignored by management.
• He's afraid of being rejected by the committee.
• We're excited about being selected for the program.
• She complained about being treated unfairly.

В конструкциях с "worth":

• This book is worth being read carefully.
• The proposal is worth being considered seriously.
• This issue is worth being discussed at the meeting.

🔍 Сравнение активного и пассивного герундия

Active Gerund:

• I enjoy teaching students. (Я активно учу)

Passive Gerund:

• I enjoy being taught by experienced professors. (Меня учат)

Active Perfect Gerund:

• She regrets having taught that controversial topic.

Passive Perfect Gerund:

• She regrets having been taught incorrect information.

📚 Расширенные формы инфинитива

🔍 Perfect Infinitive (to have + Past Participle)

Перфектный инфинитив выражает действие, которое произошло раньше основного действия:

После модальных глаголов (для выражения предположений о прошлом):

• She must to have finished the project by now.
• He could to have called earlier.
• They should to have arrived already.
• We might to have made a mistake.

Внимание! После модальных глаголов "to" НЕ используется:

• ✅ She must have finished the project.
• ❌ She must to have finished the project.

После определенных глаголов и прилагательных:

• She claims to have seen the UFO.
• He pretends to have understood everything.
• I'm glad to have met you.
• We're sorry to have missed the party.
• She seemsto have recovered from her illness.
• He appears to have changed his mind.

Для выражения нереализованных планов:

• I was supposed to have finished this yesterday. (Должен был закончить, но не закончил)
• We were meant to have started the project last week.
• She was expected to have arrived by now.

🔍 Passive Infinitive (to be + Past Participle)

Пассивный инфинитив выражает пассивное действие:

После глаголов типа want, expect, need:

• I want to be promoted next year.
• She expects to be invited to the conference.
• The car needs to be repaired urgently.
• This issue deserves to be discussed thoroughly.

После прилагательных:

• I'm happy to be selected for this role.
• She's afraid to be criticized by her boss.
• We're honored to be invited to this event.
• He's lucky to be offered such an opportunity.

🔍 Perfect Passive Infinitive (to have been + Past Participle)

Выражает пассивное действие, которое произошло раньше основного:

• She claims to have been promoted last month.
• He seems to have been chosen for the position.
• The building appears to have been renovated recently.
• I'm glad to have been given this chance.

🔍 Continuous Infinitive (to be + -ing)

Выражает продолжающееся действие:

• She seems to be working on a new project.
• He appears to be studying for his exams.
• They claim to be developing a revolutionary technology.
• I don't want to be bothering you with my problems.

📚 Сложные конструкции в различных контекстах

🔍 В деловом английском

Годовые отчеты и презентации:

• We appreciate having been trusted with this important project.
• The company claims to have achieved record-breaking results.
• Our goal is to be recognized as the industry leader.
• After having analyzed the market, we decided to expand.

Переговоры и контракты:

• We expect to be compensated for the additional work.
• The contract needs to be reviewed by our legal team.
• Both parties agreed to have completed their obligations by December.

🔍 В академическом английском

Научные работы:

• The researchers claim to have discovered a new particle.
• This method deserves to be investigated further.
• After having been peer-reviewed, the paper was published.
• The theory appears to have been proven by recent experiments.

Диссертации и тезисы:

• The author admits having overlooked certain variables.
• This approach seems to be gaining popularity among scholars.
• The hypothesis needs to be tested under controlled conditions.

🔍 В художественной литературе

Для создания сложных временных структур:

• She regretted having spoken so harshly.
• He pretended to be listening, but his mind was elsewhere.
• After having been betrayed once, she found it hard to trust again.
• The old man seemed to have been waiting for this moment all his life.

📚 Особенности американского английского

🔍 Упрощения в разговорной речи

1. Сокращение Perfect Infinitive:

   • Формально: She seems to have finished the work.
   • Разговорно: She seems like she finished the work.

2. Замена герундия на простые конструкции:

   • Формально: After having eaten dinner, we went for a walk.
   • Разговорно: After we ate dinner, we went for a walk.

3. Предпочтение простых форм:

   • Вместо: I regret having said that.
   • Используют: I regret saying that. (когда контекст ясен)

🔍 Региональные предпочтения

Американский Восток (формальный):

• Больше Perfect Infinitive в деловой переписке
• Сохранение сложных конструкций в юридических документах

Американский Запад (технологии):

• Упрощение сложных конструкций в пользу ясности
• Предпочтение Simple Gerund/Infinitive в техдокументации

Американский Юг (академический):

• Сохранение традиционных сложных форм в университетах
• Частое использование Perfect Gerund в исследованиях

🔍 Современные тенденции

1. В стартап-культуре:

   • Минимизация сложных конструкций
   • Фокус на краткости и ясности

2. В формальных документах:

   • Сохранение всех сложных форм
   • Особенно в правовых и академических текстах

3. В медиа:

   • Баланс между сложностью и доступностью
   • Perfect Infinitive для headlines: "Company Claims to Have Solved Climate Crisis"

🧠 Мнемотехники для запоминания сложных форм

1. Временная лестница "PAST-NOW-FUTURE"

PAST ←—————— NOW ——————→ FUTURE
     ↑
Perfect Gerund/Infinitive
(having done / to have done)

Правило: Perfect формы всегда указывают на прошлое относительно основного действия.

2. Мнемоника пассива "BEING DONE"

Being + Past Participle = происходит сейчас (пассивно)
Experiencing action = испытываю действие
In the moment = в данный момент
Not doing, but done to = не делаю, а делают со мной
Gerund or infinitive = герундий или инфинитив

3. Формула последовательности "FIRST-THEN"

• FIRST что-то произошло → Perfect Gerund/Infinitive
• THEN основное действие → Simple form

Сначала украл → потом отрицает = He denies having stolen

4. Правило "VING vs TO-V"

V-ING формы:

• Simple: reading (сейчас)
• Perfect: having read (раньше сделал)
• Passive: being read (сейчас с тобой делают)
• Perfect Passive: having been read (раньше с тобой сделали)

TO-V формы:

• Simple: to read (планы/цели)
• Perfect: to have read (должен был раньше сделать)
• Passive: to be read (планируют с тобой сделать)
• Perfect Passive: to have been read (должно было раньше случиться)

⚠️ Типичые ошибки русскоговорящих

1. Неправильный выбор между Simple и Perfect формами

   ❌ I regret saying that yesterday. (Неточно — действие явно в прошлом)
   ✅ I regret having said that yesterday.

2. Ошибки в пассивных конструкциях

   ❌ She enjoys to be praised. (Неправильная форма)
   ✅ She enjoys being praised.

3. Избыточное использование "to" после модальных глаголов

   ❌ He must to have finished the work. (Лишнее "to")
   ✅ He must have finished the work.

4. Путаница временных отношений

   ❌ After having dinner, I will go to bed. (Будущее с Perfect Gerund)
   ✅ After having dinner, I went to bed. (Прошлое)
   ✅ After having dinner tonight, I will go to bed. (С уточнением времени)

5. Калька с русского языка

   ❌ I remember about meeting him. (Прямой перевод)
   ✅ I remember meeting him. или I remember having met him.

6. Неправильные предлоги с герундием

   ❌ She insisted to going there. (Неправильный предлог)
   ✅ She insisted on going there.

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: Рабочее собеседование

Interviewer: Tell me about your previous experience with project management.

Candidate: I appreciate having been given the opportunity to manage several large-scale projects at my previous company. After having completed my certification, I was able to implement new methodologies.

Interviewer: I see you claim to have increased efficiency by 30%. How did you achieve this?

Candidate: Well, I regret not having started with process optimization earlier. But once I began analyzing workflows, I realized many tasks deserved to be automated.

Interviewer: That's impressive. Do you remember having faced any significant challenges?

Candidate: Certainly. I recall having been criticized initially for changing established procedures. Some team members seemed to be resisting the new approaches.

Interviewer: How did you handle that resistance?

Candidate: I focused on being transparent about the benefits. After having demonstrated the improved results, the team appeared to have changed their perspective.

Interviewer: Excellent. We expect to be implementing similar changes here. Would you be comfortable taking on such responsibilities?

Candidate: Absolutely. I'm excited about the possibility of being offered this position and contributing to your team's success.

Диалог 2: Академический семинар

Professor: Today we're discussing the implications of the latest research. Dr. Smith claims to have discovered a breakthrough in renewable energy.

Dr. Johnson: I appreciate having been invited to comment on this research. While the results seem to be promising, I suggest being cautious about the conclusions.

Dr. Smith: I understand your skepticism. However, after having conducted over 200 experiments, we're confident in our findings.

Graduate Student: Could you explain the methodology? I'm interested in understanding how you controlled for external variables.

Dr. Smith: Certainly. We began by establishing baseline measurements. After having been approved by the ethics committee, we proceeded with testing various scenarios.

Dr. Johnson: The data appears to have been collected systematically. However, I'm concerned about having overlooked certain environmental factors.

Professor: That's a valid point. Dr. Smith, do you remember considering those variables during your research design?

Dr. Smith: We admit not having anticipated every possible influence. But we're planning to conduct additional studies to address these concerns.

Graduate Student: I'd like to be involved in the follow-up research. Would that be possible?

Dr. Smith: We'd appreciate having additional researchers on the team. Your background seems to be exactly what we need.

Диалог 3: Юридическая консультация

Lawyer: I need to understand exactly what happened. Do you remember having signed any documents related to this contract?

Client: I regret not having read the fine print more carefully. I was pressured into signing without fully understanding the terms.

Lawyer: The opposing party claims to have sent you several warnings before taking legal action. Do you recall receiving those notices?

Client: I admit having received some letters, but they seemed to be routine correspondence. I didn't realize they deserved to be taken so seriously.

Lawyer: Unfortunately, ignorance of the consequences doesn't exempt you from being held responsible. However, we might argue that you were misled.

Client: I remember the salesperson insisting that the contract was standard and not mentioning these potential penalties.

Lawyer: That's helpful. If we can prove having been deceived, we might have grounds for challenging the contract's validity.

Client: What are my chances of avoiding the financial penalty?

Lawyer: It's difficult to predict the outcome. Much depends on being able to demonstrate that you were not properly informed about the risks.

Client: I should have been more careful about reading legal documents. I regret having trusted their verbal assurances.

Lawyer: Don't worry about having made that mistake now. Let's focus on building the strongest possible defense.

📚 Конструкции в специализированных областях

🔍 Медицина

Клинические заметки:

• The patient claims to have been experiencing symptoms for two weeks.
• After having been examined, the patient was discharged.
• The treatment appears to be working effectively.
• We regret not having detected the condition earlier.

Медицинские исследования:

• The drug seems to have been tested thoroughly.
• Patients reported having improved after the treatment.
• The side effects deserve to be investigated further.

🔍 Технологии

Разработка ПО:

• The system needs to be updated regularly.
• After having been debugged, the code performed better.
• Users appreciate being able to customize the interface.
• The feature appears to be functioning as intended.

Техническая документация:

• Before attempting to install the software, ensure having backed up your data.
• The program is designed to be used by non-technical users.
• After having been configured properly, the system will run automatically.

🔍 Финансы

Инвестиционные отчеты:

• The portfolio seems to have outperformed market expectations.
• Investors appreciate having been kept informed about changes.
• The strategy deserves to be considered for long-term planning.
• After having analyzed the trends, we recommend diversification.

Банковские услуги:

• Customers expect to be notified about account changes.
• The loan application needs to be processed within 48 hours.
• We regret having delayed the approval process.

📚 Итоговая таблица: Расширенные формы герундия и инфинитива

Основные функции:

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Выберите правильную форму

1. She regrets (saying / having said) those harsh words yesterday.
2. I appreciate (being given / to be given) this opportunity.
3. He claims (finishing / to have finished) the project last week.
4. We're excited about (being selected / to be selected) for the program.
5. After (studying / having studied) all night, she felt exhausted.
6. The problem deserves (discussing / to be discussed) at the meeting.
7. I remember (meeting / having met) him at the conference last year.
8. She seems (working / to be working) on something important.

Упражнение 2: Преобразуйте предложения, используя Perfect Gerund

1. I made a mistake, and now I regret it.
2. She lied to her parents, and she feels guilty about it.
3. We missed the deadline, and we apologize for it.
4. He criticized her work, and she's upset about it.
5. They ignored the warning, and they admit it was wrong.
6. I forgot to call you, but I don't remember forgetting.
7. She finished the report early, and she's proud of it.
8. We invested in that company, and we're happy about the decision.

Упражнение 3: Создайте предложения с Passive Infinitive

1. The report / need / review (by the manager)
2. She / expect / promote (next month)
3. The problem / deserve / investigate (thoroughly)
4. I / want / inform (about any changes)
5. The building / need / renovate (soon)
6. He / hope / select (for the team)
7. This issue / require / address (immediately)
8. We / plan / invite (to the conference)

Упражнение 4: Исправьте ошибки

1. I regret to tell him about the problem yesterday.
2. She enjoys to be praised by her colleagues.
3. He must to have finished the work by now.
4. After having ate dinner, we went for a walk.
5. I remember to meet her at the party last year.
6. The car needs to repair urgently.
7. She claims to working on a new project.
8. We appreciate to have been given this chance.

Упражнение 5: Переведите предложения

1. Я сожалею, что не позвонил тебе вчера.
2. Она наслаждается тем, что ее хвалят за работу.
3. Он утверждает, что закончил проект на прошлой неделе.
4. После того как нас проинформировали о изменениях, мы пересмотрели план.
5. Эта проблема заслуживает того, чтобы ее обсудили на собрании.
6. Я помню, как встретил ее на конференции.
7. Кажется, она работает над чем-то важным.
8. Мы рады, что нас выбрали для этой программы.

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1: Создание сложных предложений

Создайте 15 предложений, используя различные расширенные формы герундия и инфинитива:

• 3 предложения с Perfect Gerund
• 3 предложения с Passive Gerund
• 3 предложения с Perfect Infinitive
• 3 предложения с Passive Infinitive
• 3 предложения с любыми другими сложными формами

Задание 2: Трансформация текста

Перепишите следующий текст, используя расширенные формы герундия и инфинитива где это возможно:

I made several mistakes in my previous job, and I regret these mistakes now. My boss criticized me for the errors, and I was upset about this criticism. However, I learned from the experience. I was promoted last month, and I'm grateful for this promotion. Now I work more carefully, and my colleagues respect me for this carefulness. I plan to continue improving my skills.

Задание 3: Деловое письмо

Напишите формальное деловое письмо (200-250 слов) с извинениями за задержку проекта. Используйте минимум 8 расширенных форм герундия и инфинитива для создания профессионального тона.

Задание 4: Академическое эссе

Напишите введение к академическому эссе (150-200 слов) на тему "The Impact of Technology on Education". Используйте различные сложные формы для создания научного стиля.

Задание 5: Диалог-интервью

Создайте диалог между журналистом и известным ученым о его последнем открытии. Диалог должен содержать минимум 16 реплик и демонстрировать использование расширенных форм герундия и инфинитива в естественном контексте.

📚 Ответы к упражнениям

Упражнение 1

1. having said (предшествующее действие)
2. being given (пассивное, одновременное)
3. to have finished (утверждение о прошлом)
4. being selected (пассивное, одновременное)
5. having studied (предшествующее действие)
6. to be discussed (пассивное будущее)
7. having met (предшествующее действие, если точно помнит)
8. to be working (продолжающееся действие)

Упражнение 2

1. I regret having made a mistake.
2. She feels guilty about having lied to her parents.
3. We apologize for having missed the deadline.
4. She's upset about having been criticized for her work.
5. They admit having ignored the warning.
6. I don't remember having forgotten to call you.
7. She's proud of having finished the report early.
8. We're happy about having invested in that company.

Упражнение 3

1. The report needs to be reviewed by the manager.
2. She expects to be promoted next month.
3. The problem deserves to be investigated thoroughly.
4. I want to be informed about any changes.
5. The building needs to be renovated soon.
6. He hopes to be selected for the team.
7. This issue requires to be addressed immediately.
8. We plan to be invited to the conference.

Упражнение 4

1. ❌ I regret to tell him → ✅ I regret having told him about the problem yesterday.
2. ❌ She enjoys to be praised → ✅ She enjoys being praised by her colleagues.
3. ❌ He must to have finished → ✅ He must have finished the work by now.
4. ❌ After having ate dinner → ✅ After having eaten dinner, we went for a walk.
5. ❌ I remember to meet her → ✅ I remember meeting/having met her at the party last year.
6. ❌ The car needs to repair → ✅ The car needs to be repaired urgently.
7. ❌ She claims to working → ✅ She claims to be working on a new project.
8. ❌ We appreciate to have been given → ✅ We appreciate having been given this chance.

Упражнение 5

1. I regret not having called you yesterday. / I regret not calling you yesterday.
2. She enjoys being praised for her work.
3. He claims to have finished the project last week.
4. After having been informed about the changes, we revised the plan.
5. This problem deserves to be discussed at the meeting.
6. I remember meeting/having met her at the conference.
7. She seems to be working on something important.
8. We're happy to have been selected for this program. / We're happy about having been selected for this program.