Урок 13 (B2): Причастные обороты и их использование в письменной и устной речи

Привет! Мы завершаем Модуль 2 "Расширенные грамматические структуры" изучением причастных оборотов — одного из самых элегантных и мощных инструментов английского языка для создания сложных, но изящных предложений.

Причастные обороты (Participle Clauses) — это как художественная кисть в руках мастера. Они позволяют объединить несколько идей в одном предложении, создавая плавный, литературный поток речи. Представьте разницу:

Простые предложения:
She walked into the room. She was carrying a briefcase. She looked confident. Everyone turned to stare at her.

С причастными оборотами:
Walking into the room and carrying a briefcase, she looked confident, causing everyone to turn and stare at her.

Чувствуете, как изменился ритм и элегантность? Причастные обороты превращают рубленую речь в плавную мелодию.

На уровне B2 владение причастными оборотами позволяет:

• Создавать сложные, но ясные предложения
• Избегать повторений и однообразия
• Звучать более естественно и литературно
• Эффективно объединять связанные идеи
• Создавать динамичные описания действий

Готовы освоить это искусство элегантного английского? Погружаемся в мир причастных оборотов!

🎯 Основные концепции причастных оборотов

🔍 Что такое причастные обороты?

Причастные обороты (Participle Clauses) — это конструкции, которые используют причастия (participles) для сокращения и объединения предложений. Они позволяют выразить дополнительную информацию о времени, причине, условии или сопутствующих обстоятельствах.

🔍 Основные типы причастий

1. Present Participle (-ing): walking, reading, thinking
2. Past Participle (-ed/-en): written, broken, excited
3. Perfect Participle (having + past participle): having finished, having been written

🔍 Функции причастных оборотов

Причастные обороты могут заменять:

• Придаточные времени (when/while clauses)
• Придаточные причины (because clauses)
• Придаточные условия (if clauses)
• Определительные придаточные (which/who clauses)
• Сопутствующие обстоятельства (дополнительные действия)

📚 Present Participle Clauses (-ing)

🔍 Основные функции Present Participle

1. Одновременные действия (вместо when/while)

Было: While she was walking to work, she listened to music.
Стало: Walking to work, she listened to music.

Было: When I saw the accident, I called the police.
Стало: Seeing the accident, I called the police.

Больше примеров:

• Driving through the city, we noticed many changes.
• Working late at night, she often felt tired the next day.
• Sitting in the garden, he enjoyed the peaceful atmosphere.

2. Причина и следствие (вместо because)

Было: Because she felt tired, she decided to rest.
Стало: Feeling tired, she decided to rest.

Было: Since he knew the answer, he raised his hand.
Стало: Knowing the answer, he raised his hand.

Больше примеров:

• Being an expert in the field, she was invited to speak.
• Having no other choice, they decided to accept the offer.
• Realizing the mistake, he quickly corrected it.

3. Результат или последствие

Было: The storm hit the coast and caused massive damage.
Стало: The storm hit the coast, causing massive damage.

Было: She worked hard and impressed her boss.
Стало: She worked hard, impressing her boss.

Больше примеров:

• The company expanded rapidly, creating hundreds of new jobs.
• He spoke eloquently, convincing everyone in the audience.
• The new policy was implemented, resulting in significant improvements.

4. Способ или метод (how something is done)

• She solved the problem by working systematically.
• He improved his English by watching movies.
• They saved money by reducing unnecessary expenses.

🔍 Present Participle с различными субъектами

Когда субъект тот же:

• Entering the room (= When she entered), she saw the mess.

Когда нужно указать разные субъекты:

• With John driving and Mary navigating, they reached their destination quickly.
• The weather being perfect, we decided to have a picnic.

📚 Past Participle Clauses (-ed/-en)

🔍 Основные функции Past Participle

Past Participle обороты выражают пассивное значение и часто заменяют пассивные конструкции.

1. Состояние или результат действия

Было: The letter was written in French, so I couldn't understand it.
Стало: Written in French, the letter was incomprehensible to me.

Было: Because the door was locked, we couldn't enter.
Стало: Locked from the inside, the door couldn't be opened.

Больше примеров:

• Built in the 16th century, the castle attracts many tourists.
• Damaged by the storm, the building needed extensive repairs.
• Tired from the long journey, the passengers slept during the flight.

2. Эмоциональные состояния

• Excited about the news, she called all her friends.
• Disappointed by the results, he decided to try again.
• Surprised by the offer, she needed time to think.
• Confused by the instructions, the students asked for clarification.

3. В пассивных конструкциях

Было: When the project is completed, we will celebrate.
Стало: Once completed, the project will be cause for celebration.

Было: If the problem is solved correctly, the system will work.
Стало: Solved correctly, the problem will allow the system to function.

🔍 Past Participle в описаниях

Past Participle широко используется для создания ярких описаний:

• She sat at the table, surrounded by books and papers.
• The garden, well-maintained and colorful, was a pleasure to behold.
• He stood there, overwhelmed by the crowd's response.

📚 Perfect Participle Clauses (having + past participle)

🔍 Функции Perfect Participle

Perfect Participle выражает действие, которое произошло раньше основного действия в предложении.

1. Предшествующие действия (активный залог)

Было: After she had finished her work, she went home.
Стало: Having finished her work, she went home.

Было: Because he had lived in France for years, he spoke French fluently.
Стало: Having lived in France for years, he spoke French fluently.

Больше примеров:

• Having completed the course, she felt confident about the exam.
• Having saved enough money, they decided to buy a house.
• Having considered all options, the committee made its decision.

2. Perfect Participle в пассивном залоге

Формула: Having been + Past Participle

Было: After the building had been renovated, it looked magnificent.
Стало: Having been renovated, the building looked magnificent.

Было: Because she had been chosen for the position, she felt honored.
Стало: Having been chosen for the position, she felt honored.

Больше примеров:

• Having been warned about the risks, he proceeded cautiously.
• Having been invited to speak, she prepared her presentation carefully.
• Having been tested thoroughly, the product was ready for launch.

📚 Причастные обороты в различных позициях

🔍 В начале предложения

Наиболее распространенная позиция для причастных оборотов:

• Walking down the street, I met an old friend.
• Excited about the trip, they packed their bags early.
• Having finished the report, she submitted it to her boss.

🔍 В конце предложения

Часто используется для описания результата или сопутствующих обстоятельств:

• She entered the room carrying a large box.
• He sat at his desk working on the project.
• The team celebrated having won the championship.

🔍 В середине предложения

Обычно для дополнительной информации о подлежащем:

• The students, preparing for exams, spent long hours in the library.
• My neighbor, retired from teaching, now volunteers at the local hospital.
• The building, constructed in 1920, is considered a historical landmark.

📚 Причастные обороты в различных стилях

🔍 В художественной литературе

Причастные обороты создают живые, динамичные описания:

• She walked through the garden, breathing in the fragrant air and listening to the birds singing.
• Worn down by years of struggle, the old man sat quietly on the bench.
• The children played in the yard, laughing and shouting, their voices echoing through the neighborhood.

🔍 В деловой письменности

Для краткости и формальности:

• Considering the current market conditions, we recommend postponing the launch.
• The company, founded in 1995, has grown into a global enterprise.
• Having analyzed the data, our team identified several key trends.

🔍 В научных текстах

Для точности и объективности:

• Using advanced statistical methods, researchers analyzed the collected data.
• The experiment, conducted over six months, yielded significant results.
• Having been peer-reviewed, the paper was accepted for publication.

🔍 В журналистике

Для динамичности и информативности:

• Speaking at the conference, the CEO announced major changes.
• The protesters, gathering in the city center, demanded government action.
• Damaged by the hurricane, hundreds of homes require reconstruction.

📚 Особенности использования в американском английском

🔍 Частота использования по регионам

1. Американский Восток (Академический):

   • Частое использование в университетской среде
   • Предпочтение Perfect Participle в исследовательских работах
   • Сохранение сложных конструкций в формальных текстах

2. Американский Запад (Технологический):

   • Упрощение в пользу ясности
   • Меньше сложных причастных оборотов в техдокументации
   • Предпочтение простых предложений

3. Американский Юг (Традиционный):

   • Сохранение литературных причастных конструкций
   • Частое использование в творческом письме
   • Влияние классической английской литературы

🔍 Современные тенденции

1. В цифровых медиа:

   • Сокращение сложных конструкций
   • Предпочтение коротких, понятных предложений
   • Использование причастных оборотов в заголовках

2. В деловом общении:

   • Баланс между формальностью и ясностью
   • Использование простых причастных конструкций
   • Избегание чрезмерно сложных оборотов

3. В образовании:

   • Обучение причастным оборотам для академического письма
   • Акцент на правильное понимание и использование
   • Подготовка к стандартизированным тестам

🧠 Мнемотехники для запоминания причастных оборотов

1. Правило временных отношений "321"

3 типа причастий:

• Present (-ing) = одновременно с основным действием
• Past (-ed) = состояние/результат
• Perfect (having + V3) = раньше основного действия

2 залога:

• Active = субъект выполняет действие
• Passive = с субъектом что-то делают

1 главное правило:

• Субъект причастного оборота = субъект главного предложения

2. Мнемоника "TCAR"

• Time (время): When/While = Present Participle (-ing)
• Cause (причина): Because = Present Participle (-ing)
• After (после): After having done = Perfect Participle
• Result (результат): Past Participle (-ed) или Present Participle (-ing)

3. Формула трансформации "CUT"

Combine (объедините): два связанных предложения
Use (используйте): подходящее причастие
Test (проверьте): один ли субъект у обеих частей

4. Визуальная схема "FLOW"

Full sentence ———————————→ Participle Clause
     ↓                           ↓
Long and repetitive ———→ Short and elegant
     ↓                           ↓
Choppy rhythm —————————→ Smooth flow

⚠️ Типичные ошибки русскоговорящих

1. Неправильный субъект (Dangling Participle)

   ❌ Walking down the street, the buildings looked beautiful. (Здания не могут идти по улице)
   ✅ Walking down the street, I found the buildings beautiful.

2. Неправильный выбор причастия

   ❌ Finishing the work, I was very tired. (Неточно — усталость была результатом)
   ✅ Having finished the work, I felt tired. (Сначала закончил, потом устал)

3. Путаница активного и пассивного залога

   ❌ Building in 1990, the house is quite old. (Дом не строил сам себя)
   ✅ Built in 1990, the house is quite old.

4. Неправильная пунктуация

   ❌ Walking down the street I saw my friend. (Пропущена запятая)
   ✅ Walking down the street, I saw my friend.

5. Калька с русского языка

   ❌ Reading the book, it was very interesting. (Неопределенный субъект)
   ✅ Reading the book, I found it very interesting.

6. Избыточное использование причастных оборотов

   ❌ Walking down the street and seeing my friend and waving to him, I was happy. (Слишком много оборотов)
   ✅ Walking down the street and seeing my friend, I waved to him happily.

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: Описание путешествия

Sarah: How was your trip to Japan?

Mike: Incredible! *Landing in Tokyo, I was immediately struck by the city's energy. *Walking through Shibuya, I felt like I was in a different world.

Sarah: What was the most memorable experience?

Mike: Probably visiting Mount Fuji. *Having heard so much about it, I was excited to see it in person. *Standing at the base and looking up at the peak, I felt truly humbled.

Sarah: Did you try the local cuisine?

Mike: Absolutely! *Being adventurous by nature, I tried everything. *Eating authentic sushi prepared by master chefs, I understood why Japanese cuisine is so respected.

Sarah: Any cultural experiences?

Mike: I participated in a tea ceremony. *Not knowing the proper etiquette, I was nervous at first. But *guided by a patient instructor, I learned to appreciate the ritual's beauty.

Sarah: *Hearing about your adventures, I'm inspired to plan my own trip to Japan!

Mike: You should! *Having experienced the culture firsthand, I can say it's life-changing. *Armed with some basic Japanese phrases, you'll have an even better time.

Диалог 2: Рабочий проект

Manager: Let's discuss the quarterly report. *Looking at these numbers, I see we've exceeded our targets.

Analyst: Yes, *having analyzed the data thoroughly, I can confirm that sales increased by 23% compared to last quarter.

Manager: What factors contributed to this success?

Analyst: Several things. *Launching the new marketing campaign in January, we saw immediate results. *Targeting younger demographics, we expanded our customer base significantly.

Marketing Director: *Speaking of the campaign, the social media component was particularly effective. *Engaging with customers directly, we built stronger brand loyalty.

Manager: *Considering these positive results, should we increase our budget for next quarter?

Analyst: *Having run various projections, I recommend a modest increase. *Being conservative with our estimates, we can ensure sustainable growth.

Marketing Director: *Building on current momentum, we could explore new channels. *Having established credibility, we're well-positioned for expansion.

Manager: Excellent. *Combining your analytical insights with our creative strategies, we should continue this upward trend.

Диалог 3: Академическое обсуждение

Professor: *Reading your research proposal, I found several interesting points. However, *reviewing the methodology, I have some concerns.

Graduate Student: Could you be more specific? *Having spent months planning this study, I'd appreciate detailed feedback.

Professor: *Looking at your sample size, I wonder if it's sufficient for statistical significance. *Being familiar with similar studies, I'd recommend at least doubling it.

Graduate Student: *Considering budget constraints, that might be challenging. *Having calculated the costs, a larger sample would require additional funding.

Professor: *Understanding your limitations, perhaps we could modify the approach. *Focusing on qualitative rather than quantitative methods, you might achieve better results with fewer participants.

Graduate Student: That's interesting. *Having considered only quantitative approaches, I hadn't explored that possibility. *Being new to qualitative research, I'd need guidance.

Professor: *Knowing your dedication, I'm confident you can master the techniques. *Having supervised many such projects, I can provide the necessary support.

Graduate Student: *Feeling encouraged by your confidence, I'm excited to revise the proposal. *Working with your guidance, I believe we can create a stronger study design.

📚 Причастные обороты в специализированных текстах

🔍 Медицинские тексты

Клинические описания:

• The patient, admitted with chest pain, underwent comprehensive testing.
• Having been examined thoroughly, the patient was diagnosed with mild hypertension.
• Responding well to treatment, she was discharged after three days.

Медицинские процедуры:

• Using sterile techniques, the surgeon prepared for the operation.
• The medication, taken as prescribed, effectively controlled the symptoms.
• Having completed the procedure, the medical team monitored the patient closely.

🔍 Технические тексты

Инструкции:

• Before installing the software, ensure your system meets the requirements.
• The device, properly configured, will operate automatically.
• Having backed up your data, you can proceed with the upgrade.

Техническое описание:

• The system, designed for efficiency, reduces energy consumption by 30%.
• Using advanced algorithms, the software optimizes performance automatically.
• Once activated, the security features protect against unauthorized access.

🔍 Юридические тексты

Контракты:

• The party, failing to meet the specified requirements, shall be liable for damages.
• Having signed this agreement, both parties are bound by its terms.
• Any dispute, arising from this contract, shall be resolved through arbitration.

Судебные документы:

• The defendant, accused of fraud, appeared in court yesterday.
• Having reviewed the evidence, the jury reached a unanimous verdict.
• The witness, sworn to tell the truth, provided crucial testimony.

🔍 Деловые отчеты

Financial reporting:

• The company, founded in 1985, has shown consistent growth.
• Having expanded into new markets, we increased revenue by 40%.
• Our strategy, focused on innovation, has proven successful.

Project updates:

• Working within budget constraints, the team delivered excellent results.
• The project, completed ahead of schedule, exceeded all expectations.
• Having overcome initial challenges, we're confident about future success.

📚 Итоговая таблица: Типы причастных оборотов

Функции причастных оборотов:

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Объедините предложения, используя причастные обороты

1. She walked into the room. She was carrying a briefcase.
2. The letter was written in French. I couldn't understand it.
3. After he had finished his homework, he watched TV.
4. Because she felt sick, she went home early.
5. The building was damaged by the earthquake. It needs to be demolished.
6. While I was driving to work, I heard the news on the radio.
7. The students were excited about the trip. They packed their bags.
8. After she had been promoted, she moved to a bigger office.

Упражнение 2: Выберите правильную форму причастия

1. (Walking / Walked / Having walked) down the street, I saw my neighbor.
2. The book, (writing / written / having written) by a famous author, became a bestseller.
3. (Finishing / Finished / Having finished) her work, she left the office.
4. (Exciting / Excited / Having excited) about the news, she called her friends.
5. (Building / Built / Having built) in the 19th century, the church is a historical monument.
6. (Working / Worked / Having worked) late, he was very tired.
7. The students, (preparing / prepared / having prepared) for exams, spent hours in the library.
8. (Completing / Completed / Having completed) the course, she felt confident.

Упражнение 3: Исправьте ошибки в причастных оборотах

1. Walking down the street, the buildings looked beautiful.
2. Built in 1990, I think the house is quite old.
3. Having ate dinner, we went for a walk.
4. Exciting about the trip, she packed her bags.
5. Driven by my friend, the car was comfortable.
6. Being tired I decided to rest.
7. Having finish the work, she felt relieved.
8. The book writing by him was interesting.

Упражнение 4: Переведите предложения, используя причастные обороты

1. Читая книгу, я узнал много нового.
2. Построенный в 16 веке, замок привлекает много туристов.
3. Закончив работу, она пошла домой.
4. Будучи усталым, он решил отдохнуть.
5. Поврежденное штормом здание нуждается в ремонте.
6. Живя в Лондоне пять лет, он хорошо говорит по-английски.
7. Получив повышение, она переехала в другой город.
8. Будучи предупрежденным об опасности, он был осторожен.

Упражнение 5: Создайте сложные предложения

Используя данные простые предложения, создайте одно сложное предложение с причастными оборотами:

1. The company was founded in 1995. It has grown rapidly. It now employs over 1000 people.
2. She studied hard for the exam. She felt confident. She passed with excellent grades.
3. The storm hit the coast. It caused massive damage. Many people lost their homes.
4. He had lived in Japan for ten years. He spoke Japanese fluently. He understood the culture well.

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1: Трансформация текста

Перепишите следующий текст, используя причастные обороты для создания более элегантного стиля:

John woke up early. He was excited about his job interview. He put on his best suit. He left the house. He arrived at the company building. He felt nervous. He was greeted by the receptionist. She was very friendly. She directed him to the waiting area. He sat down and reviewed his notes. He had prepared them the night before. After ten minutes, he was called into the interview room. The interview went well. He felt confident about his chances.

Задание 2: Описательное письмо

Напишите описание города или места, которое вы посетили (300-350 слов). Используйте минимум 10 причастных оборотов различных типов для создания живого, динамичного описания.

Задание 3: Деловой отчет

Создайте краткий отчет о выполнении проекта (250-300 слов), используя причастные обороты для профессионального стиля. Включите:

• Описание проекта
• Основные достижения
• Возникшие проблемы и их решение
• Выводы и рекомендации

Задание 4: Новостная статья

Напишите новостную статью (200-250 слов) о любом событии (реальном или вымышленном). Используйте причастные обороты для создания динамичного журналистского стиля.

Задание 5: Сравнительный анализ

Найдите в интернете два текста на одну тему: один простой (блог, личная история) и один сложный (научная статья, литературное произведение). Выпишите все причастные обороты из сложного текста и объясните их функции. Затем попробуйте "усложнить" 5 предложений из простого текста, добавив причастные обороты.

📚 Ответы к упражнениям

Упражнение 1

1. Walking into the room, she was carrying a briefcase. / She walked into the room, carrying a briefcase.
2. Written in French, the letter was incomprehensible to me.
3. Having finished his homework, he watched TV.
4. Feeling sick, she went home early.
5. Damaged by the earthquake, the building needs to be demolished.
6. Driving to work, I heard the news on the radio.
7. Excited about the trip, the students packed their bags.
8. Having been promoted, she moved to a bigger office.

Упражнение 2

1. Walking (одновременное действие)
2. written (пассивное состояние)
3. Having finished (предшествующее действие)
4. Excited (эмоциональное состояние)
5. Built (пассивное состояние)
6. Working (причина усталости)
7. preparing (одновременное действие)
8. Having completed (предшествующее действие)

Упражнение 3

1. ❌ Walking down the street, the buildings looked beautiful. → ✅ Walking down the street, I found the buildings beautiful.
2. ❌ Built in 1990, I think the house is quite old. → ✅ Built in 1990, the house is quite old.
3. ❌ Having ate dinner → ✅ Having eaten dinner, we went for a walk.
4. ❌ Exciting about the trip → ✅ Excited about the trip, she packed her bags.
5. ❌ Driven by my friend, the car was comfortable. → ✅ Driven by my friend, I found the car comfortable.
6. ❌ Being tired I decided → ✅ Being tired, I decided to rest.
7. ❌ Having finish the work → ✅ Having finished the work, she felt relieved.
8. ❌ The book writing by him → ✅ The book written by him was interesting.

Упражнение 4

1. Reading the book, I learned many new things.
2. Built in the 16th century, the castle attracts many tourists.
3. Having finished work, she went home.
4. Being tired, he decided to rest.
5. Damaged by the storm, the building needs repair.
6. Having lived in London for five years, he speaks English well.
7. Having been promoted, she moved to another city.
8. Having been warned about the danger, he was careful.

Упражнение 5

1. Founded in 1995, the company has grown rapidly, now employing over 1000 people.
2. Having studied hard for the exam, she felt confident and passed with excellent grades.
3. Hitting the coast, the storm caused massive damage, leaving many people homeless.
4. Having lived in Japan for ten years, he spoke Japanese fluently and understood the culture well.