Урок 15 (B1): Косвенная речь: утверждения и команды

В предыдущих уроках мы рассмотрели различные аспекты английской грамматики, включая времена и модальные глаголы. Сегодня мы переходим к изучению косвенной речи (Reported Speech или Indirect Speech) — важной теме, которая позволяет нам передавать слова, сказанные другими людьми.

В повседневном общении мы часто пересказываем то, что услышали от других. Если мы повторяем чьи-то слова дословно, мы используем прямую речь (Direct Speech), обычно с кавычками. Если же мы передаем суть сказанного своими словами, мы используем косвенную речь.

Косвенная речь требует определенных грамматических трансформаций, включая изменение времен глаголов, местоимений и других указательных слов. В этом уроке мы сосредоточимся на передаче утверждений и команд в косвенной речи, изучим основные правила и отработаем их на практике.

Понимание косвенной речи не только улучшит ваши навыки английской грамматики, но и сделает вашу речь более естественной и разнообразной, позволяя точно передавать информацию от третьих лиц.

🎯 Основные концепции

📚 Прямая и косвенная речь: основные различия

Прямая речь — точное цитирование чьих-либо слов, заключенное в кавычки:

• "I am studying English," said John. (Джон сказал: "Я учу английский".)
• The teacher said, "The exam will be next week." (Учитель сказал: "Экзамен будет на следующей неделе".)

Косвенная речь — передача сказанного без точного цитирования, обычно с использованием вводных глаголов (say, tell, ask и т.д.) и союзов (that, if, whether и т.д.):

• John said (that) he was studying English. (Джон сказал, что учит английский.)
• The teacher said (that) the exam would be the following week. (Учитель сказал, что экзамен будет на следующей неделе.)

📚 Глаголы для введения косвенной речи

Основные глаголы сообщения:

• say (сказать) — основной глагол для сообщений

  • She said (that) she was tired. (Она сказала, что устала.)

• tell (сказать, рассказать) — всегда требует объект (кому сказали)

  • She told me (that) she was tired. (Она сказала мне, что устала.)

Другие глаголы сообщения:

• admit (признать): He admitted (that) he had made a mistake. (Он признал, что сделал ошибку.)
• explain (объяснить): She explained (that) she couldn't come. (Она объяснила, что не может прийти.)
• mention (упомянуть): He mentioned (that) he had seen her. (Он упомянул, что видел её.)
• announce (объявить): They announced (that) they were getting married. (Они объявили, что женятся.)
• claim (утверждать): He claimed (that) he was innocent. (Он утверждал, что невиновен.)
• deny (отрицать): She denied (that) she had stolen the money. (Она отрицала, что украла деньги.)
• suggest (предлагать): He suggested (that) we should leave early. (Он предложил, чтобы мы ушли пораньше.)

🔍 Правила передачи утверждений в косвенной речи

1. Изменение времен глаголов (Backshift)

Когда глагол в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени (said, told, asked и т.д.), времена в косвенной речи обычно сдвигаются на шаг назад во времени (так называемый "backshift"):

Примеры:

• Direct: "I live in London." → Reported: She said (that) she lived in London.
• Direct: "I am reading a book." → Reported: He said (that) he was reading a book.
• Direct: "I have been to Paris." → Reported: She said (that) she had been to Paris.
• Direct: "I visited Rome last year." → Reported: He said (that) he had visited Rome the previous year.
• Direct: "I will call you tomorrow." → Reported: She said (that) she would call me the next day.

2. Когда сдвиг времен не происходит

Сдвиг времен может не происходить в следующих случаях:

• Когда сообщаемая информация все еще актуальна или является общеизвестной истиной:

  • Direct: "The Earth rotates around the Sun." → Reported: He said (that) the Earth rotates around the Sun.

• Когда вводный глагол стоит в настоящем времени:

  • Direct: "I am hungry." → Reported: He says (that) he is hungry.

• В условных предложениях второго и третьего типа (которые уже содержат форму прошедшего времени для выражения нереальных условий):

  • Direct: "If I had money, I would buy a car." → Reported: She said (that) if she had money, she would buy a car.

3. Изменение местоимений и притяжательных форм

Местоимения меняются в зависимости от контекста и того, кто передает информацию:

• Личные местоимения (I, you, he, she, we, they):

  • Direct: "I will help you." → Reported: He said (that) he would help me.
  • Direct: "We are going to visit them." → Reported: They said (that) they were going to visit us.

• Притяжательные местоимения (my, your, his, her, our, their):

  • Direct: "This is my book." → Reported: She said (that) it was her book.
  • Direct: "Your car is nice." → Reported: He told me (that) my car was nice.

4. Изменение указателей времени и места

Примеры:

• Direct: "I'll see you tomorrow." → Reported: He said (that) he would see me the next day.
• Direct: "We met here yesterday." → Reported: They said (that) they had met there the day before.
• Direct: "This book is interesting." → Reported: She said (that) that book was interesting.

📚 Правила передачи команд и просьб в косвенной речи

1. Использование инфинитива для передачи команд

Для передачи команд и инструкций в косвенной речи используются глаголы tell, order, instruct, command и др. с инфинитивом:

• Direct: "Sit down!" → Reported: He told me to sit down.
• Direct: "Don't touch that!" → Reported: She told him not to touch that.
• Direct: "Please be quiet." → Reported: The teacher asked us to be quiet.

2. Различные глаголы для введения команд и просьб

• tell (приказывать): He told me to wait outside. (Он велел мне подождать снаружи.)
• order (приказывать, требовать): The officer ordered the soldiers to march. (Офицер приказал солдатам маршировать.)
• ask (просить): She asked me to help her. (Она попросила меня помочь ей.)
• request (просить формально): He requested them to submit their papers. (Он попросил их сдать свои документы.)
• advise (советовать): The doctor advised him to rest. (Доктор посоветовал ему отдохнуть.)
• warn (предупреждать): She warned me not to go there. (Она предупредила меня не ходить туда.)
• forbid (запрещать): They forbade us to enter the building. (Они запретили нам входить в здание.)
• encourage (поощрять): He encouraged me to apply for the job. (Он поощрил меня подать заявление на работу.)

3. Передача отрицательных команд

Для передачи отрицательных команд перед инфинитивом ставится not:

• Direct: "Don't be late!" → Reported: She told me not to be late.
• Direct: "Don't forget your passport." → Reported: He reminded me not to forget my passport.

4. Передача запросов и предложений

• ask / request (для вежливых просьб):

  • Direct: "Could you open the window, please?" → Reported: She asked me to open the window.

• suggest (для предложений):

  • Direct: "Let's go to the cinema." → Reported: He suggested going to the cinema.
  • Direct: "Why don't we meet at 6?" → Reported: She suggested meeting at 6.

📚 Правила и исключения

Особые случаи в косвенной речи

1. Модальные глаголы в косвенной речи

Примеры:

• Direct: "I can swim." → Reported: He said (that) he could swim.
• Direct: "I may come later." → Reported: She said (that) she might come later.
• Direct: "You must leave now." → Reported: He said (that) I had to leave then.

2. Say vs. Tell

• Say обычно не требует объекта, и за ним следует that-clause:

  • He said (that) he was tired. (Он сказал, что устал.)

• Tell требует объекта (кому говорят) и за ним следует that-clause:

  • He told me (that) he was tired. (Он сказал мне, что устал.)

• Tell также используется для команд с инфинитивом:

  • He told me to wait. (Он сказал мне подождать.)

3. Условные предложения в косвенной речи

• First Conditional:

  • Direct: "If it rains, I will stay at home." → Reported: She said (that) if it rained, she would stay at home.

• Second Conditional:

  • Direct: "If I had time, I would learn French." → Reported: He said (that) if he had time, he would learn French.

• Third Conditional:

  • Direct: "If I had known, I would have helped." → Reported: She said (that) if she had known, she would have helped.

4. Когда союз that можно опустить

В разговорной речи союз that часто опускается, особенно в американском английском:

• He said (that) he was coming. (Он сказал, что придет.)
• She told me (that) she liked the movie. (Она сказала мне, что ей понравился фильм.)

Различия между американским и британским английским

В американском английском есть некоторые особенности использования косвенной речи:

1. Чаще опускается союз that:

   • Британский вариант: He said that he would help.
   • Американский вариант: He said he would help.

2. Меньшая строгость в соблюдении правил сдвига времен (особенно в разговорной речи):

   • Британский вариант: She said she had seen the movie. (строго следуя правилу backshift)
   • Американский вариант: She said she saw the movie. (часто в разговорной речи)

3. Более частое использование Past Simple вместо Past Perfect в косвенной речи:

   • Британский вариант: He told me that he had visited Paris last year.
   • Американский вариант: He told me that he visited Paris last year.

🧠 Мнемотехники

1. "SPOT" для запоминания сдвига времен

• S - Simple present → Simple past (I work → He said he worked)
• P - Present continuous → Past continuous (I am working → He said he was working)
• O - Other present perfect → past perfect (I have worked → He said he had worked)
• T - Tense shift with will → would (I will work → He said he would work)

2. "WHEN" для запоминания изменений указателей времени

• W - today → That day / Week → That week
• H - Here → There
• E - Tomorrow → The nExt day / Yesterday → The day before
• N - Now → Then / This → That

3. "COM-INF" для команд в косвенной речи

• COMmand + INFinitive
• Просто представьте, что команда трансформируется в инфинитив: "Sit down!" → to sit down

4. "SAT-TOO" для различия между say и tell

• Say Alone (без объекта): He said that he was tired.
• Tell To Others (с объектом): He told me that he was tired.

⚠️ Типичные ошибки русскоговорящих

1. Забывают менять времена глаголов

   • ❌ She said she is happy. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ She said she was happy. (Правильно)

2. Неправильное использование say/tell

   • ❌ He said me that he was busy. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ He told me that he was busy. / He said that he was busy. (Правильно)

3. Путаница с изменением местоимений

   • ❌ She said: "I like your car." → She said she liked your car. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ She said: "I like your car." → She said she liked my car. (Правильно, если она говорила со мной)

4. Неправильная передача команд

   • ❌ He told me that I sit down. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ He told me to sit down. (Правильно)

5. Забывают менять указатели времени и места

   • ❌ She said she would come tomorrow. (Неправильно, если отчет происходит не в тот же день)
   • ✅ She said she would come the next day. (Правильно)

6. Использование that с командами

   • ❌ He told me that to close the door. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ He told me to close the door. (Правильно)

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: Передача информации в офисе

Manager: Did you talk to the client yesterday?
Assistant: Yes, I did. She said she was very interested in our proposal.
Manager: Great! What else did she tell you?
Assistant: She mentioned that she had already worked with our company in 2018. She said she had been very satisfied with the results.
Manager: That's good to hear. Did she say anything about the budget?
Assistant: Yes, she told me that she would need a detailed quote by next week. And she emphasized that the price was a crucial factor for them.
Manager: I understand. Did she mention when they want to start the project?
Assistant: She explained that they were planning to launch in September. Oh, and she also asked us to prepare a presentation for their team.
Manager: OK. Tell her we'll have everything ready by Friday.
Assistant: I will. She also warned us not to include any generic solutions. She said they needed something specifically tailored to their market.
Manager: Noted. Remind her that we specialize in customized approaches.
Assistant: I'll do that. She mentioned that she might call you directly tomorrow to discuss some details.

Диалог 2: Передача инструкций учителя

Parent: How was school today?
Child: It was OK. But we have a lot of homework. Miss Johnson told us to read two chapters of the book for tomorrow.
Parent: That's quite a lot. What else did she say?
Child: She warned us not to leave it until the last minute. She said the test next week would include questions from these chapters.
Parent: I see. Any other assignments?
Child: Yes, she asked us to prepare a short presentation about our favorite character. She said it didn't have to be long, just 2-3 minutes.
Parent: When is the presentation due?
Child: She told us we had until Friday to prepare it. Oh, and she reminded us to bring our permission slips for the museum trip.
Parent: Did I sign that already?
Child: I don't think so. She emphasized that no one could go without a signed form. She also advised us to wear comfortable shoes for the trip.
Parent: When is the trip exactly?
Child: She said it was next Wednesday. She mentioned that we would be walking a lot.
Parent: OK, I'll sign the form tonight. Did she say anything else?
Child: She congratulated me on my last essay. She said it was very well written.

Диалог 3: Передача новостей от друга

Tom: I spoke to Emma yesterday.
Sarah: Really? How is she? I haven't seen her for ages.
Tom: She said she was doing great. She told me that she had moved to a new apartment last month.
Sarah: Oh, I didn't know that. Where is she living now?
Tom: She mentioned that her new place was in the city center. She said it was smaller than her previous one, but much more convenient.
Sarah: That's nice. Is she still working at the same company?
Tom: No, actually she revealed that she had changed jobs. She explained that her old position didn't offer any growth opportunities. She claimed that her new job was much more challenging.
Sarah: Good for her! What about her plans to travel?
Tom: She admitted that she hadn't had time to travel much this year because of the job change. But she announced that she would be going to Spain next month.
Sarah: That sounds exciting! Did she ask about me?
Tom: Yes, of course. She asked how you were doing and told me to say hello to you. She suggested that we all meet up when she gets back from Spain.
Sarah: I'd love that! Tell her I miss her and that we definitely should meet up.
Tom: I will. Oh, and she also warned us not to visit that new restaurant on Main Street. She said the food was terrible and overpriced.

📚 Итоговая таблица

Сдвиг времен в косвенной речи

Изменение указателей времени и места

Глаголы для введения косвенной речи

Структура косвенной речи для разных типов высказываний

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Преобразуйте прямую речь в косвенную

1. "I am studying French," she said.
2. "I will call you tomorrow," he told me.
3. "I have never been to Paris," Tom said.
4. "I can't find my keys," Mary said.
5. "I visited Rome last summer," she told us.
6. "This book is very interesting," the teacher said.
7. "I will help you with your homework," my friend promised.
8. "I don't understand this exercise," the student said.

Упражнение 2: Преобразуйте прямую команду в косвенную речь

1. "Come here immediately!" the manager said to us.
2. "Don't forget your passport," my mother said to me.
3. "Please wait outside," the doctor said to the patient.
4. "Don't touch that button," the guide warned the tourists.
5. "Clean your room," my father told me.
6. "Don't be late for the meeting," my boss said to me.
7. "Please speak more slowly," the student asked the teacher.
8. "Turn off the lights before you leave," she reminded him.

Упражнение 3: Исправьте ошибки в предложениях

1. She said me that she was happy.
2. He told that he would come later.
3. The teacher said us to be quiet.
4. She told me she is coming tomorrow.
5. My friend said that he will help me.
6. My mother told me that I must to clean my room.
7. He asked me where did I live.
8. She said she had finished her work yesterday.

Упражнение 4: Переведите предложения с русского на английский, используя косвенную речь

1. Она сказала, что любит шоколад.
2. Он сказал мне, что был в Лондоне дважды.
3. Учитель сказал нам, что экзамен будет на следующей неделе.
4. Мама попросила меня купить хлеб.
5. Джон сказал, что не может прийти на вечеринку.
6. Доктор посоветовал мне больше отдыхать.
7. Она сказала, что никогда не видела этот фильм.
8. Полицейский приказал водителю остановиться.

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1: Преобразуйте диалог в косвенную речь

Представьте, что вы пересказываете этот диалог между Томом и Лизой третьему лицу. Напишите его в косвенной речи.

Tom: "I'm really excited about my new job."
Lisa: "Congratulations! When do you start?"
Tom: "I'll start next Monday. I've already bought new clothes for it."
Lisa: "That's great! What will you be doing exactly?"
Tom: "I'll be working in the marketing department. I've always wanted to work in marketing."
Lisa: "Will you have to move to another city?"
Tom: "No, the office is here in town. But I'll have to wake up earlier than usual."
Lisa: "Don't worry, you'll get used to it. Can I visit you at your new workplace someday?"
Tom: "Of course! Come next month when I'm more settled."

Задание 2: Запишите, что вам говорили учителя в школе

Напишите минимум 8 предложений о том, какие инструкции, советы или запреты вы получали от своих учителей, используя косвенную речь.

Например: My math teacher told us to always check our answers. Our English teacher advised us to read more books in English.

Задание 3: Передайте новости в косвенной речи

Представьте, что вчера вы разговаривали с другом, который рассказал вам несколько новостей. Напишите эти новости в косвенной речи, используя различные глаголы для введения (said, told, mentioned, explained, admitted и т.д.).

Например: John said that he had bought a new car. He mentioned that it was very economical. He explained that he had been saving money for it for a long time.

Задание 4: Передача инструкций

Представьте, что вы получили следующие инструкции от босса перед важной презентацией. Передайте их коллеге в косвенной речи.

1. "Arrive 15 minutes before the presentation."
2. "Check all the equipment beforehand."
3. "Distribute the handouts to all participants."
4. "Don't forget to mention our new product."
5. "Speak clearly and confidently."
6. "Answer all questions politely."
7. "Don't rush through the slides."
8. "Thank everyone for their attention at the end."

Задание 5: Переведите текст с русского на английский, используя косвенную речь

Вчера я встретил своего старого друга Ивана. Он рассказал мне, что недавно вернулся из путешествия по Европе. Он сказал, что посетил пять стран за две недели. Иван отметил, что больше всего ему понравилась Италия. Он сказал, что еда там была восхитительной, а люди очень дружелюбными. Он признался, что хотел бы жить там. Иван посоветовал мне обязательно посетить Рим, если у меня будет возможность. Он предупредил меня, чтобы я не ехал туда в августе, так как в это время там слишком много туристов. Иван пообещал показать мне фотографии со своей поездки на следующей неделе.

Ответы к упражнениям

Упражнение 1

1. She said (that) she was studying French.
2. He told me (that) he would call me the next day.
3. Tom said (that) he had never been to Paris.
4. Mary said (that) she couldn't find her keys.
5. She told us (that) she had visited Rome the previous summer.
6. The teacher said (that) that book was very interesting.
7. My friend promised (that) he/she would help me with my homework.
8. The student said (that) he/she didn't understand that exercise.

Упражнение 2

1. The manager told us to come there immediately.
2. My mother told me not to forget my passport.
3. The doctor asked the patient to wait outside.
4. The guide warned the tourists not to touch that button.
5. My father told me to clean my room.
6. My boss told me not to be late for the meeting.
7. The student asked the teacher to speak more slowly.
8. She reminded him to turn off the lights before he left.

Упражнение 3

1. She told me that she was happy. / She said that she was happy.
2. He said that he would come later. / He told me that he would come later.
3. The teacher told us to be quiet.
4. She told me she was coming the next day.
5. My friend said that he would help me.
6. My mother told me that I must/had to clean my room.
7. He asked me where I lived.
8. She said she had finished her work the day before.

Упражнение 4

1. She said (that) she loved chocolate.
2. He told me (that) he had been to London twice.
3. The teacher told us (that) the exam would be the following week.
4. Mom asked me to buy bread.
5. John said (that) he couldn't come to the party.
6. The doctor advised me to rest more.
7. She said (that) she had never seen that movie.
8. The policeman ordered the driver to stop.