Урок 16 (B2): Анализ данных: описание графиков, тенденций и статистики

Привет! В предыдущем уроке мы освоили искусство написания академических эссе. Сегодня мы изучаем еще один критически важный навык для академического и делового английского — анализ и описание данных.

В современном мире данные повсюду: от научных исследований до маркетинговых отчетов, от экономических прогнозов до социологических опросов. Умение точно и профессионально описывать графики, диаграммы и статистические данные — это не просто академический навык, это язык современного профессионала.

Слабое описание: The graph shows that sales went up and then down.

Профессиональное описание: The data reveals a dramatic surge in sales during the second quarter, peaking at $2.3 million in June, followed by a gradual decline throughout the third quarter, stabilizing at approximately $1.8 million by September.

Чувствуете разницу? Второй вариант:

• Использует точную лексику для описания движения
• Включает конкретные цифры для точности
• Показывает временные рамки и периоды
• Создает четкую картину тенденций

На уровне B2 этот навык необходим для:

• IELTS Writing Task 1 (описание графиков)
• TOEFL Integrated Writing (анализ данных)
• Деловых презентаций и отчетов
• Научных публикаций и исследований
• Финансовой аналитики и прогнозирования
• Маркетинговых исследований

Готовы стать экспертами в языке данных? Погружаемся в мир графиков, трендов и статистики!

🎯 Типы визуализации данных

🔍 Line Graph (Линейный график)

Назначение: Показать изменения во времени, тренды, динамику

Ключевая лексика:

• Increase: rise, grow, climb, surge, soar, rocket
• Decrease: fall, drop, decline, plummet, plunge, crash
• Stability: remain stable, level off, plateau, stay constant
• Fluctuation: fluctuate, vary, oscillate, swing

Пример описания: The line graph illustrates smartphone sales trends from 2018 to 2023. Sales experienced steady growth from 2018 to 2020, rising from 2.1 million to 3.4 million units. However, the market witnessed a sharp downturn in 2021, with sales plummeting to 2.8 million. Subsequently, the figures recovered gradually, reaching 3.6 million by 2023.

🔍 Bar Chart (Столбчатая диаграмма)

Назначение: Сравнить различные категории или группы

Ключевая лексика:

• Comparison: higher than, lower than, significantly more/less
• Dominance: the highest, the lowest, the majority, the minority
• Proportions: account for, represent, constitute, comprise

Пример описания: The bar chart compares energy consumption across five countries in 2022. China dominated energy usage, consuming 145 quadrillion BTUs, significantly higher than the United States at 95 quadrillion BTUs. India ranked third with 35 quadrillion BTUs, while Russia and Japan consumed 28 and 18 quadrillion BTUs respectively.

🔍 Pie Chart (Круговая диаграмма)

Назначение: Показать части целого, пропорции

Ключевая лексика:

• Fractions: a quarter, a third, three-fifths, two-thirds
• Percentages: comprises 45%, accounts for 23%, represents 12%
• Proportions: the largest portion, the smallest segment, the majority

Пример описания: The pie chart breaks down global internet usage by region in 2023. Asia accounts for the largest share at 59.5%, followed by Europe at 15.9%. North America represents 7.6% of users, while Africa, Latin America, and Oceania comprise 11.5%, 4.8%, and 0.7% respectively.

🔍 Table (Таблица)

Назначение: Представить точные численные данные для сравнения

Ключевая лексика:

• Ranking: the highest figure, the lowest value, ranked first/last
• Patterns: consistent pattern, notable exception, clear trend
• Data points: precise figures, exact numbers, specific values

Пример описания: The table presents unemployment rates across six countries from 2020 to 2022. Spain recorded the highest rates throughout the period, peaking at 15.8% in 2020 before gradually declining to 12.9% by 2022. In contrast, Germany maintained consistently low levels, fluctuating between 3.6% and 4.2%.

📚 Лексика для описания движения и изменений

🔍 Глаголы изменения

Увеличение (по степени интенсивности):

Слабое увеличение:

• Edge up (немного подняться): Prices edged up by 0.5%
• Creep up (медленно расти): Inflation crept up throughout the quarter
• Inch up (постепенно расти): Sales inched up in the final month

Умеренное увеличение:

• Rise (подниматься): Temperatures rose steadily
• Grow (расти): The economy grew by 2.3%
• Climb (подниматься): Unemployment climbed to 6.5%
• Gain (прибавлять): Stocks gained 15 points

Сильное увеличение:

• Surge (резко возрастать): Demand surged during the pandemic
• Soar (взлетать): Oil prices soared to record highs
• Rocket (ракетой вверх): Bitcoin rocketed to $60,000
• Skyrocket (взлетать): Housing costs skyrocketed

Уменьшение (по степени интенсивности):

Слабое уменьшение:

• Edge down (немного снизиться): Interest rates edged down
• Slip (соскользнуть): The index slipped 2 points
• Dip (окунуться): Sales dipped briefly in March

Умеренное уменьшение:

• Fall (падать): Unemployment fell by 1.2%
• Drop (падать): Prices dropped significantly
• Decline (снижаться): Profits declined over the quarter
• Decrease (уменьшаться): Production decreased by 8%

Сильное уменьшение:

• Plummet (резко падать): Share prices plummeted
• Plunge (нырять): Sales plunged 40%
• Crash (рушиться): The market crashed in October
• Nosedive (пикировать): Revenue nosedived during lockdown

🔍 Наречия степени и скорости

Степень изменения:

• Slightly (слегка): marginally, minimally, fractionally
• Moderately (умеренно): somewhat, reasonably, fairly
• Significantly (значительно): considerably, substantially, markedly
• Dramatically (резко): sharply, steeply, rapidly

Скорость изменения:

• Gradually (постепенно): slowly, progressively, steadily
• Rapidly (быстро): quickly, swiftly, fast
• Suddenly (внезапно): abruptly, immediately, instantly

Примеры сочетаний:

• Sales rose sharply (продажи резко выросли)
• Prices fell gradually (цены постепенно упали)
• Demand increased substantially (спрос значительно вырос)
• Production declined slightly (производство немного снизилось)

🔍 Прилагательные для описания изменений

Положительные изменения:

• Impressive (впечатляющий): impressive growth of 12%
• Remarkable (замечательный): remarkable improvement
• Substantial (существенный): substantial increase
• Notable (заметный): notable progress

Отрицательные изменения:

• Alarming (тревожный): alarming decline
• Disappointing (разочаровывающий): disappointing results
• Worrying (беспокоящий): worrying trend
• Devastating (разрушительный): devastating impact

Нейтральные изменения:

• Consistent (последовательный): consistent pattern
• Steady (устойчивый): steady progress
• Gradual (постепенный): gradual change
• Moderate (умеренный): moderate growth

📚 Структура описания данных

🔍 Введение (Overview)

Основные функции введения:

1. Определить тип диаграммы
2. Указать временные рамки
3. Назвать основные измеряемые параметры
4. Дать общий обзор главных тенденций

Полезные фразы для введения:

• The [graph/chart/table] shows/illustrates/presents/displays...
• The data reveals/indicates/demonstrates...
• According to the [graph/chart/table]...
• The figures provide information about...

Примеры введений:

Для линейного графика: The line graph illustrates changes in renewable energy consumption across four countries (Germany, Spain, Denmark, and Portugal) over a fifteen-year period from 2008 to 2023, measured in terawatt-hours.

Для столбчатой диаграммы: The bar chart compares smartphone market share among five major manufacturers (Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, and OPPO) in the third quarter of 2023, expressed as percentages of total global sales.

🔍 Основная часть (Body)

Стратегии организации описания:

Хронологический подход (для временных данных):

• Initially/At the beginning: Initially, solar energy accounted for only 2% of total consumption
• Subsequently/Following this: Subsequently, usage increased steadily
• By the end of the period: By 2023, solar represented 15% of the energy mix

Сравнительный подход (для категориальных данных):

• The highest/largest: Apple recorded the highest market share at 28%
• In contrast/Conversely: In contrast, OPPO captured only 8% of the market
• Similarly/Likewise: Similarly, Xiaomi achieved comparable results

Подход по значимости (от самого важного к менее важному):

• Most notably/significantly: Most notably, electric vehicle sales tripled
• Another key trend: Another key trend was the decline in traditional car sales
• To a lesser extent: To a lesser extent, hybrid vehicles also gained ground

🔍 Заключение (Conclusion)

Функции заключения:

1. Суммировать основные тенденции
2. Выделить наиболее значимые изменения
3. Сделать общий вывод

Полезные фразы для заключения:

• Overall/In summary/To summarize:
• The data clearly shows/indicates that:
• The most significant trend was:
• In conclusion, it is evident that:

Пример заключения:

In summary, the data clearly demonstrates a significant shift toward renewable energy sources across all four countries, with Denmark leading the transition and achieving the highest percentage of renewable consumption by 2023. The most notable trend was the consistent year-on-year growth in all nations, suggesting a sustained commitment to clean energy initiatives.

📚 Сравнение и сопоставление данных

🔍 Сравнительные конструкции

Равенство и сходство:

• As... as: Germany's growth was as rapid as Spain's
• Similar to: Portugal's trend was similar to Denmark's
• Comparable with: The results were comparable with previous years
• Equally: Both countries performed equally well

Превосходство и различие:

• Higher/lower than: Significantly higher than expected
• More/less than: 25% more than the previous year
• The highest/lowest: Denmark recorded the highest consumption
• By far the most/least: By far the most dramatic increase

Кратность и пропорции:

• Twice as much/many: Twice as much as in 2020
• Three times higher: Three times higher than competitors
• Half the amount: Half the amount of the leading country
• A quarter of: A quarter of total consumption

🔍 Статистические сравнения

Относительные изменения:

• Percentage change: A 15% increase compared to last year
• Percentage points: Unemployment rose by 2.3 percentage points
• Ratio: The ratio of exports to imports improved
• Rate: The growth rate accelerated significantly

Абсолютные значения:

• Absolute terms: In absolute terms, sales increased by $2.3 million
• Real numbers: The real numbers show substantial progress
• Actual figures: Actual figures exceeded projections
• Net change: The net change was positive

📚 Продвинутые техники анализа данных

🔍 Причинно-следственные связи

Выражение причин:

• Due to/Owing to: Due to increased demand
• As a result of: As a result of policy changes
• Attributed to: The growth can be attributed to
• Driven by: Driven by consumer preferences

Выражение следствий:

• Consequently/Therefore: Consequently, prices increased
• This led to: This led to higher unemployment
• Resulting in: Resulting in significant losses
• The effect was: The effect was immediate

🔍 Корреляции и взаимосвязи

Положительная корреляция:

• Positive correlation: There's a positive correlation between education and income
• Directly proportional: Sales are directly proportional to advertising spend
• In tandem with: Prices rose in tandem with demand

Отрицательная корреляция:

• Inverse relationship: An inverse relationship exists between price and demand
• Conversely related: The variables are conversely related
• As one increases, the other decreases: As temperature increases, sales decrease

🔍 Прогнозирование и тенденции

Будущие проекции:

• Projected to: Sales are projected to reach $5 million
• Expected to: The trend is expected to continue
• Forecast indicates: The forecast indicates steady growth
• Anticipated: Further increases are anticipated

Условные прогнозы:

• If the trend continues: If the trend continues, we'll see 20% growth
• Assuming current conditions: Assuming current conditions persist
• Should patterns remain: Should patterns remain consistent

📚 Особенности американского стиля анализа данных

🔍 Лексические предпочтения

Американские vs. Британские термины:

Числовые форматы:

• American: 1,234.56 (запятая для тысяч, точка для десятичных)
• British: 1,234.56 или 1 234.56 (вариативность)

Даты:

• American: March 15, 2023 (MM/DD/YYYY)
• British: 15 March 2023 (DD/MM/YYYY)

🔍 Стилистические особенности

Прямолинейность:

American style: The data clearly shows that sales increased by 15% British style: The data would appear to suggest a 15% increase in sales

Уверенность в выводах:

American: Более категоричные утверждения British: Больше осторожных формулировок (hedging)

Структурная ясность:

• Американский стиль предпочитает четкие, прямые заявления
• Больше использования активного залога
• Конкретные числа предпочтительнее общих описаний

🧠 Мнемотехники для запоминания лексики данных

1. Шкала интенсивности "MILD to WILD"

Minimal: edge up, slip, dip
Intermediate: rise, fall, grow
Large: surge, plummet, soar
Dramatic: rocket, crash, skyrocket

Weak changes
Intermediate changes
Large changes
Dramatic changes

2. Мнемоника движения "UP-DOWN-SAME"

UP: rise, grow, climb, surge, soar, rocket DOWN: fall, drop, decline, plummet, crash
SAME: stable, constant, plateau, level off

3. Правило "3 T's" для структуры

Time: Когда это произошло?
Trend: Какая тенденция?
Total: Итоговый результат?

4. Формула описания "WHAT-WHERE-WHEN-WHY"

WHAT: Что показывает график?
WHERE: Какие страны/категории?
WHEN: Какой временной период?
WHY: Возможные причины изменений?

⚠️ Типичные ошибки в описании данных

1. Неточное использование глаголов движения

   ❌ The price raised to $50. (Raise = переходный глагол)
   ✅ The price rose to $50. (Rise = непереходный глагол)

2. Путаница с increase/decrease как существительными и глаголами

   ❌ There was an increase the sales. (Пропущен предлог)
   ✅ There was an increase in sales. или Sales increased.

3. Неправильное использование процентов и процентных пунктов

   ❌ Unemployment rose from 5% to 7%, an increase of 2%. (Это 40% увеличение)
   ✅ Unemployment rose from 5% to 7%, an increase of 2 percentage points.

4. Избыточное описание очевидных деталей

   ❌ The graph has a horizontal axis showing years and a vertical axis showing values.
   ✅ Sales increased steadily from 2020 to 2023.

5. Отсутствие сравнений и связей

   ❌ Country A had 25%. Country B had 30%. Country C had 20%.
   ✅ Country B recorded the highest figure at 30%, followed by Country A at 25%, while Country C had the lowest at 20%.

6. Неправильная интерпретация данных

   ❌ The graph shows that people prefer Product A. (Интерпретация без данных)
   ✅ The data indicates that Product A had the highest sales volume.

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: Презентация квартальных результатов

CFO: Let's review our Q3 performance. Sarah, could you walk us through the revenue figures?

Sarah: Certainly. The data shows a remarkable 18% increase in revenue compared to Q2, climbing from $12.3 million to $14.5 million. Most significantly, our European operations experienced the strongest growth, surging by 25%.

CFO: That's impressive. What about the breakdown by product line?

Sarah: The chart reveals interesting patterns. Our flagship product maintained steady performance, accounting for 45% of total revenue. However, the new AI software line demonstrated exceptional growth, rocketing from 8% to 18% of total sales.

CEO: How do these figures compare to our projections?

Sarah: We're significantly ahead of targets. Initially, we projected 12% growth for Q3, but actual performance exceeded expectations by 6 percentage points. The upward trend is particularly pronounced in the tech sector.

CFO: What factors contributed to this success?

Sarah: The data suggests several key drivers. Primarily, increased marketing spend resulted in higher customer acquisition. Additionally, product improvements led to better retention rates, which rose from 78% to 89%.

CEO: Looking at the trajectory, what can we anticipate for Q4?

Sarah: If current trends continue, we're projected to achieve $16-17 million in Q4 revenue. However, seasonal factors typically result in 10-15% lower performance in our industry.

Диалог 2: Исследовательская презентация

Professor: Dr. Martinez, please present your findings on social media usage patterns.

Dr. Martinez: Thank you. The survey data encompasses 5,000 participants across six countries. The most striking finding is that daily usage varies dramatically by age group, ranging from 4.2 hours among 18-24 year-olds to just 1.3 hours for those over 65.

Colleague: What trends emerge when you examine platform preferences?

Dr. Martinez: The breakdown reveals significant generational divides. Instagram dominates among younger users, capturing 68% of the 18-24 demographic. Conversely, Facebook remains popular with older users, accounting for 52% of 45+ usage.

Professor: How significant are the cross-cultural differences?

Dr. Martinez: Remarkably consistent patterns emerge across cultures. However, two notable exceptions stand out: Professional networking usage in Germany exceeds global averages by 40%, while video platform engagement in South Korea surpasses other countries by nearly 60%.

Colleague: What does the longitudinal data indicate about usage trends?

Dr. Martinez: The five-year comparison shows a steady decline in traditional social media, dropping by 23% since 2019. Meanwhile, video-sharing platforms experienced explosive growth, increasing by 156% over the same period.

Professor: Any correlation between usage patterns and reported well-being?

Dr. Martinez: The data reveals a clear inverse relationship. As daily usage exceeded 3 hours, reported life satisfaction declined steadily. Participants spending over 5 hours daily scored 34% lower on well-being metrics.

Диалог 3: Маркетинговый анализ

Marketing Director: Let's analyze last month's campaign performance. The metrics are quite revealing.

Analyst: The conversion data shows substantial improvements across all channels. Email marketing achieved a 4.2% conversion rate, representing a 28% increase from the previous month.

Marketing Director: How did social media perform in comparison?

Analyst: Social campaigns yielded mixed results. LinkedIn significantly outperformed other platforms, generating 2.8% conversions versus 1.4% for Facebook and 0.9% for Instagram. Interestingly, engagement rates showed the opposite pattern.

Brand Manager: What accounts for this discrepancy?

Analyst: The data suggests that LinkedIn users demonstrate higher purchase intent, while Instagram users engage more but convert less frequently. Cost per acquisition reflects this: LinkedIn averages $45 compared to $23 for Instagram.

Marketing Director: What trends do you observe in customer demographics?

Analyst: Age distribution has shifted noticeably. The 35-44 age group now represents 38% of conversions, up from 29% last quarter. Simultaneously, the 25-34 segment declined from 42% to 35%.

Brand Manager: How should these insights influence our Q4 strategy?

Analyst: The evidence suggests reallocating budget toward LinkedIn and email marketing. If we increase LinkedIn spend by 40% while maintaining other channels, projections indicate 15-20% higher overall conversions.

Marketing Director: That aligns with our premium product positioning. The data clearly supports focusing on higher-intent, professional audiences.

📚 Специализированная лексика по областям

🔍 Финансовые данные

Ключевые термины:

• Revenue/Turnover (выручка): Revenue increased by 12%
• Profit margin (маржа прибыли): Profit margins remained stable
• ROI (Return on Investment) (окупаемость): ROI exceeded 15%
• Market cap (рыночная капитализация): Market cap reached $2 billion
• Volatility (волатильность): The stock showed high volatility

Финансовые тренды:

• Bull market (растущий рынок): During the bull market
• Bear market (падающий рынок): The bear market lasted 18 months
• Correction (коррекция): A 10% market correction occurred
• Rally (ралли): Stocks rallied in the final quarter

🔍 Научные исследования

Статистические термины:

• Sample size (размер выборки): The sample size was 1,200 participants
• Confidence interval (доверительный интервал): 95% confidence interval
• Statistical significance (статистическая значимость): Results were statistically significant
• Correlation coefficient (коэффициент корреляции): r = 0.78
• Standard deviation (стандартное отклонение): Standard deviation was 2.3

Исследовательские паттерны:

• Control group (контрольная группа): The control group showed no change
• Variable (переменная): The dependent variable was measured
• Baseline (исходный уровень): Baseline measurements were taken
• Outlier (выброс): Several outliers were identified

🔍 Демографические данные

Население и общество:

• Demographics (демография): The demographics have shifted
• Birth rate (рождаемость): Birth rates declined by 8%
• Life expectancy (продолжительность жизни): Life expectancy increased
• Migration patterns (миграционные паттерны): Migration patterns changed
• Urbanization (урбанизация): Rapid urbanization occurred

Социальные показатели:

• Literacy rate (уровень грамотности): Literacy rates improved
• Income inequality (неравенство доходов): Income inequality widened
• Unemployment rate (уровень безработицы): Unemployment peaked at 9.2%
• Poverty line (черта бедности): Below the poverty line

📚 Итоговая таблица: Лексика для анализа данных

Глаголы движения по интенсивности:

Структура описания данных:

Сравнительные конструкции:

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Выберите правильный глагол

1. Sales (raised/rose) dramatically in Q3.
2. The company (increased/increased in) its market share.
3. Unemployment (felt/fell) to its lowest level in five years.
4. Prices (have been risen/have risen) consistently.
5. The graph (shows/demonstrates) that profits (declined/were declined).
6. Production (dropped/was dropped) by 15% last month.
7. The economy (has grown/has been grown) steadily.
8. Interest rates (have been raised/have raised) by the central bank.

Упражнение 2: Добавьте подходящие наречия степени

1. Sales increased _____ from $2M to $2.1M. (слабо)
2. Demand _____ exceeded expectations. (значительно)
3. Prices fell _____ during the economic crisis. (резко)
4. The market grew _____ over the five-year period. (постепенно)
5. Revenue _____ improved in the final quarter. (умеренно)
6. Production costs _____ increased last year. (существенно)
7. Customer satisfaction _____ declined. (немного)
8. Profits _____ surged after the merger. (драматично)

Упражнение 3: Опишите тренды

Используя данные цифры, создайте описания с подходящей лексикой:

1. 2020: 100 → 2021: 150 → 2022: 145 → 2023: 200
2. January: 25% → March: 45% → June: 47% → December: 23%
3. Company A: 35%, Company B: 28%, Company C: 37%
4. Q1: $2.3M → Q2: $2.8M → Q3: $2.7M → Q4: $3.1M

Упражнение 4: Создайте сравнения

Сравните следующие данные, используя различные сравнительные конструкции:

1. Germany: 82 million, France: 67 million, UK: 66 million
2. 2019: 15%, 2020: 22%, 2021: 18%, 2022: 12%
3. Product A: 40%, Product B: 35%, Product C: 25%
4. Men: 2.3 hours, Women: 2.8 hours, Total: 2.55 hours

Упражнение 5: Структурированное описание

Напишите полное описание (150-200 слов) воображаемого графика, показывающего продажи смартфонов трех компаний (Apple, Samsung, Huawei) с 2019 по 2023 год. Включите:

• Введение
• Описание основных трендов
• Сравнения между компаниями
• Заключение

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1: Анализ реального графика

Найдите в интернете любой график или диаграмму с экономическими, социальными или научными данными и напишите его полное описание (250-300 слов), используя:

• Правильную структуру описания
• Разнообразную лексику движения и изменений
• Сравнительные конструкции
• Причинно-следственные связи (если возможно)

Задание 2: Создание презентации данных

Представьте, что вы аналитик компании. Создайте письменную презентацию (300-400 слов) результатов квартала, включающую:

• Обзор ключевых показателей
• Сравнение с предыдущими периодами
• Анализ трендов
• Прогнозы на следующий период

Задание 3: IELTS Task 1 практика

Выполните задание в стиле IELTS Writing Task 1: опишите воображаемый график, показывающий изменения в использовании различных видов транспорта в городе с 2010 по 2020 год. Объем: 150-200 слов.

Задание 4: Создание словаря терминов

Составьте персональный словарь терминов для анализа данных, включающий:

• 20 глаголов движения (с примерами)
• 15 наречий степени и скорости
• 10 сравнительных конструкций
• 10 фраз для введения и заключения
• 10 специализированных терминов из вашей области

Задание 5: Критический анализ

Найдите пример плохого описания данных (в учебнике, блоге или студенческой работе) и переписать его, улучшив:

• Точность лексики
• Структуру описания
• Логику изложения
• Использование сравнений

📚 Ответы к упражнениям

Упражнение 1

1. rose (непереходный глагол)
2. increased (переходный глагол не требует предлога)
3. fell (прошедшее время от fall)
4. have risen (Present Perfect от rise)
5. shows; declined (активный залог)
6. dropped (активный залог для самостоятельного изменения)
7. has grown (Present Perfect от grow)
8. have been raised (пассивный залог - кто-то поднял ставки)

Упражнение 2

1. slightly/marginally (слабое увеличение на 5%)
2. significantly/substantially (превышение ожиданий существенно)
3. sharply/dramatically (кризис вызывает резкие падения)
4. gradually/steadily (пятилетний период предполагает постепенность)
5. moderately/somewhat (умеренное улучшение)
6. considerably/substantially (существенное увеличение)
7. slightly/marginally (небольшое снижение)
8. dramatically/sharply (слияния часто дают резкие скачки)

Упражнение 3

1. The figures show steady growth from 100 in 2020 to 150 in 2021, followed by a slight dip to 145 in 2022, before surging to 200 in 2023.

2. The data reveals a sharp increase from 25% in January to 45% in March, remaining relatively stable through June at 47%, before plummeting to 23% by December.

3. Company C leads with 37% market share, closely followed by Company A at 35%, while Company B trails with 28%.

4. Revenue demonstrated consistent growth throughout the year, climbing from $2.3M in Q1 to $3.1M in Q4, with only a minor decline in Q3.

Упражнение 4

1. Germany has the largest population at 82 million, significantly higher than both France (67 million) and the UK (66 million). France and the UK have comparable populations, with France slightly ahead.

2. The figures peaked in 2020 at 22%, representing a substantial increase from 15% in 2019. Subsequently, the rate declined gradually to 18% in 2021 before dropping further to 12% in 2022.

3. Product A dominates the market with 40% share, followed by Product B at 35%. Product C accounts for the smallest portion at 25%, representing 15 percentage points less than the market leader.

4. Women spend considerably more time on this activity than men, averaging 2.8 hours compared to 2.3 hours for men. The overall average of 2.55 hours falls closer to the male figure.