В предыдущем уроке мы изучили, как выражать согласие, несогласие и частичное согласие. Сегодня мы рассмотрим другой важный аспект коммуникации — как давать предложения, советы и рекомендации на английском языке.
Умение тактично предлагать идеи и давать советы — это ценный навык в любом языке. Однако, существуют культурные особенности того, как это делать правильно. В американской культуре, например, прямые советы могут восприниматься как навязчивые, если их дают без запроса или в слишком категоричной форме. Поэтому важно знать, как предлагать свои идеи и рекомендации таким образом, чтобы они были восприняты позитивно.
В английском языке существует множество способов давать советы и предложения — от очень прямых до весьма деликатных. Выбор конкретных выражений зависит от ситуации общения, ваших отношений с собеседником и степени настойчивости, которую вы хотите проявить.
В этом уроке мы изучим различные языковые структуры для выражения предложений, советов и рекомендаций, рассмотрим уместность их использования в разных контекстах и научимся выбирать наиболее подходящие выражения для каждой ситуации.
🎯 Основные концепции
📚 Разница между предложениями, советами и рекомендациями
Хотя эти понятия близки, между ними есть некоторые различия:
-
Предложения (Suggestions) — идеи о том, что можно сделать, часто включают говорящего:
- "Let's go to the movies tonight."
- "Why don't we order pizza?"
- "How about taking a break?"
-
Советы (Advice) — рекомендации о том, что должен сделать собеседник, основанные на вашем мнении или опыте:
- "You should talk to your manager about it."
- "I think you ought to get more rest."
- "If I were you, I would apply for that job."
-
Рекомендации (Recommendations) — более формальные или экспертные советы, часто основанные на объективной информации:
- "I recommend taking this medication twice a day."
- "It is advisable to make reservations in advance."
- "Based on your interests, I would recommend visiting the Museum of Modern Art."
📚 Способы выражения предложений
Прямые предложения:
-
Let's + инфинитив без to:
- "Let's go for a walk."
- "Let's try that new restaurant."
- "Let's not worry about it now."
-
Why don't we/you + инфинитив без to:
- "Why don't we meet at 7?"
- "Why don't you take a day off?"
- "Why don't we ask for help?"
-
How about/What about + герундий или существительное:
- "How about going to the beach?"
- "What about pizza for dinner?"
- "How about a movie tonight?"
-
We could/can + инфинитив без to:
- "We could meet for lunch tomorrow."
- "We can try a different approach."
- "We could ask Sarah for help."
Осторожные предложения:
-
Maybe/Perhaps + предложение:
- "Maybe we should postpone the meeting."
- "Perhaps you could speak to her about it."
- "Maybe this would be a good time to discuss our plans."
-
We might + инфинитив без to:
- "We might want to consider other options."
- "We might need to revise our strategy."
- "We might try approaching it differently."
-
Would you like to + инфинитив без to:
- "Would you like to join us for dinner?"
- "Would you like to take a break?"
- "Would you like to see the proposal first?"
-
Do you want to + инфинитив без to (неформально):
- "Do you want to grab some coffee?"
- "Do you want to go over the report now?"
- "Do you want to come with us?"
📚 Способы выражения советов
Прямые советы:
-
Should/Ought to + инфинитив без to:
- "You should apply for that position."
- "She ought to speak with her doctor."
- "They should consider all the options."
-
Imperatives (повелительное наклонение):
- "Take two pills twice a day."
- "Call me if you have any questions."
- "Don't wait until the last minute."
-
Need to/Have to + инфинитив без to:
- "You need to rest more."
- "You have to submit the application by Friday."
- "She needs to practice every day."
Менее прямые/мягкие советы:
-
If I were you, I would + инфинитив без to:
- "If I were you, I would apologize."
- "If I were you, I'd wait until next week."
- "If I were you, I wouldn't mention it to anyone."
-
You might/could/may want to + инфинитив без to:
- "You might want to check the schedule again."
- "You could try a different approach."
- "You may want to consider other options."
-
It might be a good idea to + инфинитив без to:
- "It might be a good idea to call ahead."
- "It might be a good idea to have a backup plan."
- "It might be a good idea to start earlier."
-
Have you thought about/considered + герундий:
- "Have you thought about applying for a scholarship?"
- "Have you considered talking to a specialist?"
- "Have you thought about taking a different route?"
📚 Способы выражения рекомендаций
Формальные рекомендации:
-
I/We recommend + герундий или that-clause:
- "I recommend arriving at least two hours early."
- "We recommend that you make reservations in advance."
- "I recommend taking this medication after meals."
-
It is advisable/recommended to + инфинитив:
- "It is advisable to drink plenty of water."
- "It is recommended to back up your data regularly."
- "It is advisable to consult with a professional."
-
Would advise/suggest/recommend + герундий или that-clause:
- "I would advise speaking to your manager first."
- "We would suggest that you review the terms carefully."
- "I would recommend waiting until prices drop."
Менее формальные рекомендации:
-
I think you should + инфинитив без to:
- "I think you should try this restaurant."
- "I think you should take the offer."
- "I think you should wait a little longer."
-
My advice would be to + инфинитив:
- "My advice would be to start with something simpler."
- "My advice would be to save more for retirement."
- "My advice would be to talk to her directly."
-
In my experience + предложение:
- "In my experience, it's better to arrive early."
- "In my experience, these problems resolve themselves."
- "In my experience, the morning flights are less crowded."
📚 Правила и особенности использования
Правило 1: Учитывайте контекст и отношения при выборе формы совета
В английском языке, особенно в американской культуре, прямые советы могут восприниматься как навязчивые или даже грубые в определенных ситуациях. Выбор подходящей формы зависит от:
-
Насколько близки ваши отношения с собеседником:
- С близкими друзьями и семьей можно использовать более прямые формы: "You should definitely try it!"
- С коллегами и малознакомыми людьми лучше использовать более мягкие формы: "You might want to consider this option."
-
Запрашивал ли собеседник совет:
- Если человек сам просит совета, можно быть более прямым: "You should go with the blue one."
- Если совет не был запрошен, лучше использовать вопросительные формы или мягкие предложения: "Have you thought about trying a different approach?"
-
Насколько серьезна ситуация:
- В экстренных или важных ситуациях уместны прямые советы: "You need to see a doctor immediately."
- В повседневных ситуациях предпочтительнее мягкие формы: "Maybe you could add a little more salt."
Правило 2: Формальный vs. неформальный контекст
Формальный контекст (деловые отношения, общение с клиентами, академическая среда):
- Используйте более сложные конструкции: "I would recommend that you review the proposal before making a decision."
- Избегайте сокращений: "It is advisable to submit the application early."
- Предпочитайте косвенные формы: "It might be beneficial to consider alternative options."
Неформальный контекст (друзья, семья, близкие коллеги):
- Можно использовать прямые формы: "You should definitely go for it!"
- Уместны сокращения: "Let's grab lunch," "Why don't we catch a movie?"
- Подходят императивы, особенно в дружеских советах: "Just call her and apologize."
Правило 3: Смягчение советов для сохранения вежливости
В американской культуре ценится автономия и индивидуальный выбор, поэтому советы часто смягчаются, чтобы не звучать навязчиво:
Способы смягчения советов:
-
Добавление модальных наречий и фраз:
- "Maybe you should take a break."
- "Perhaps it would be better to wait."
- "Possibly you could try a different approach."
-
Использование времени прошедшего условного:
- "It might be a good idea..." вместо "It's a good idea..."
- "I would recommend..." вместо "I recommend..."
- "It would probably help if..." вместо "It will help if..."
-
Фразы, выражающие личное мнение:
- "Personally, I think..."
- "In my opinion..."
- "From my point of view..."
-
Добавление вопросительной формы:
- "Have you considered...?"
- "Would it help if...?"
- "Do you think it might work if...?"
Правило 4: Культурные особенности американского стиля общения
В американской культуре при даче советов:
-
Ценится позитивный подход:
- Вместо "Don't do it that way" лучше сказать "You might find it easier if you try it this way."
- Предложения часто сопровождаются обоснованием: "I think you should take a break because you've been working non-stop."
-
Советы часто подаются как обмен опытом, а не прямое указание:
- "When I was in your situation, I found that..."
- "What worked for me was..."
- "A lot of people in similar situations have had success with..."
-
Уважение к личному выбору человека:
- "It's up to you, but..."
- "This is just my opinion, you know what's best for you."
- "This might or might not work for you..."
🧠 Мнемотехники для запоминания
1. Пирамида настойчивости
Представьте пирамиду, где наверху находятся самые мягкие формы советов, а внизу — самые настойчивые:
Верх пирамиды (Очень мягкие): "Have you thought about...?", "You might want to consider..." Середина пирамиды (Умеренные): "If I were you, I would...", "It might be a good idea to..." Низ пирамиды (Прямые): "You should...", "You need to...", "Do this..."
2. Метод светофора для выбора выражений
Зеленый свет (Безопасные в любом контексте): "Perhaps you could...", "Have you considered...?", "It might be worth trying..." Желтый свет (Используйте с осторожностью): "I think you should...", "Why don't you...?", "It would be better if..." Красный свет (Только для близких отношений или когда совет запрошен): "You must...", "You need to...", прямые императивы
3. Формула П-О-П для структурирования совета
П — Предложение (мягкое вступление): "I've noticed that you're having trouble with..." О — Объяснение (сам совет): "It might help if you tried a different approach, such as..." П — Поддержка (обоснование или поддержка): "This worked really well for me, and many others have had success with it too."
4. Ассоциация с ситуациями
Привязывайте определенные выражения к типичным ситуациям:
- Медицинский совет: "You should see a doctor." (прямой, из-за важности)
- Карьерный совет другу: "If I were you, I'd apply for that job." (средней прямоты)
- Совет незнакомцу: "You might want to try the other entrance." (очень мягкий)
⚠️ Типичные ошибки русскоговорящих
-
Излишне прямые и категоричные советы
- ❌ "You must do this." (слишком категорично)
- ✅ "It might be a good idea to consider this option."
-
Неуместное использование императива
- ❌ "Take this medicine!" (звучит как приказ)
- ✅ "I'd recommend taking this medicine." или "This medicine might help with your symptoms."
-
Недостаточное смягчение советов
- ❌ "You need to eat healthier food." (слишком прямолинейно)
- ✅ "It might be worth considering some healthier food options."
-
Дословный перевод с русского
- ❌ "I can advice you to..." (неправильная форма глагола "advise")
- ✅ "I can advise you to..." или лучше "I would advise you to..."
-
Давать непрошеные советы слишком настойчиво
- ❌ "You should definitely change your job." (без запроса на совет)
- ✅ "Have you ever thought about exploring other job opportunities?" (мягкая форма, если совет не был запрошен)
👥 Практические диалоги
Диалог 1: Предложения (неформальная ситуация)
Alex: I'm so bored today. There's nothing to do.
Morgan: Why don't we go to that new escape room downtown? I've heard it's really fun.
Alex: That sounds interesting, but isn't it expensive?
Morgan: It's about $25 per person. We could split the cost if you want.
Alex: Hmm, I'm not sure. What about going to the park instead? The weather is nice today.
Morgan: That's a good idea too. Or maybe we could check out that free art exhibition I told you about.
Alex: Oh yeah, I forgot about that! Let's do that and then maybe grab some lunch afterwards.
Morgan: Perfect! How about meeting at the bus stop at noon?
Alex: Sounds good. Should we invite Sarah too?
Morgan: Definitely! I'll text her right now.
Диалог 2: Советы (ситуация, где запрашивается совет)
Friend 1: I have a job interview next week, and I'm really nervous. Do you have any advice?
Friend 2: You should definitely prepare answers to common interview questions. It might be a good idea to research the company thoroughly as well.
Friend 1: That makes sense. I'm also worried about what to wear.
Friend 2: If I were you, I'd go with something professional but comfortable. Have you thought about wearing that navy blue suit you have?
Friend 1: Oh, that's a good suggestion. Should I arrive early?
Friend 2: Absolutely. I'd recommend getting there about 15 minutes before the scheduled time. And don't forget to bring extra copies of your resume.
Friend 1: What if they ask about my lack of experience in the field?
Friend 2: You might want to focus on your transferable skills and eagerness to learn. Why don't you prepare some examples of how you've quickly learned new skills in the past?
Friend 1: That's really helpful advice. I'm still nervous though.
Friend 2: It's natural to be nervous. My advice would be to practice deep breathing before you go in. And remember, they invited you for an interview because they were impressed with your application.
Диалог 3: Рекомендации (формальная ситуация)
Patient: Doctor, I've been having these headaches for about two weeks now.
Doctor: I would recommend keeping a headache diary to track when they occur and what might trigger them. It is advisable to note what you eat, your stress levels, and your activities.
Patient: Should I take any medication for the pain?
Doctor: For now, I suggest trying over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen. However, it's important that you don't exceed the recommended dosage.
Patient: How long should I wait before coming back if they don't improve?
Doctor: I would advise coming back in two weeks if there's no improvement. But you should seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe pain, fever, or vision changes.
Patient: Is there anything else I should do?
Doctor: It would be beneficial to ensure you're staying hydrated and getting adequate sleep. You might also consider reducing screen time, as that can sometimes contribute to headaches.
Patient: Should I make any changes to my diet?
Doctor: While there's no specific diet I can prescribe, some patients find it helpful to avoid potential trigger foods like processed meats, aged cheese, and foods containing MSG. Would you be willing to try eliminating these from your diet for a week to see if it helps?
Patient: Yes, I can try that. Thank you for your recommendations.
Doctor: If you have any other concerns, please don't hesitate to contact our office. I'd also suggest scheduling a follow-up appointment in three weeks.
📚 Итоговая таблица: выражение предложений, советов и рекомендаций
Предложения (Suggestions)
Уровень формальности | Прямые предложения | Осторожные предложения | Вопросительные предложения |
---|---|---|---|
Формальный | I propose that we... | It might be beneficial to... | Would it be possible to...? |
I suggest that we... | Perhaps we could consider... | Might I suggest...? | |
Let me suggest... | One option would be to... | Would you be interested in...? | |
We could proceed with... | It might be worth exploring... | Have you considered...? | |
Нейтральный | Let's... | We might want to... | Why don't we...? |
We could... | Perhaps we should... | How about...? | |
I think we should... | It might be a good idea to... | Would you like to...? | |
What about...? | We could try... | Shall we...? | |
Неформальный | Let's... | Maybe we could... | Wanna...? (Want to...?) |
We can... | We might... | How about...? | |
What about...? | Why not...? | You up for...? | |
I say we... | Maybe... | Fancy...? (британский английский) |
Советы (Advice)
Уровень формальности | Прямые советы | Мягкие советы | Условные советы |
---|---|---|---|
Формальный | You should... | It might be advisable to... | If you were to..., it might... |
It is necessary to... | You might consider... | Should you decide to..., it would be... | |
You need to... | One approach would be to... | Were I in your position, I would... | |
I advise you to... | It could be beneficial to... | It might be in your best interest to... | |
Нейтральный | You should... | You might want to... | If I were you, I would... |
You ought to... | It might be a good idea to... | You could try... | |
I think you should... | Have you thought about...? | It might help if you... | |
Try to... | You could consider... | In your situation, I would... | |
Неформальный | You should... | Maybe try... | If I were you, I'd... |
Just do it! | You could... | I'd probably... | |
Don't... | How about...? | What I'd do is... | |
Make sure you... | Maybe you wanna... | In your shoes, I'd... |
Рекомендации (Recommendations)
Уровень формальности | Настоятельные рекомендации | Нейтральные рекомендации | Мягкие рекомендации |
---|---|---|---|
Формальный | I strongly recommend that... | I recommend... | It may be worth considering... |
It is highly advisable to... | Based on my assessment, I would advise... | One possibility might be... | |
The most appropriate course of action is... | In this situation, I would suggest... | You might find it beneficial to... | |
It is essential that you... | My recommendation would be to... | It could be advantageous to... | |
Нейтральный | I definitely recommend... | I'd recommend... | You might try... |
You really should... | Based on my experience, I suggest... | One option is to... | |
The best thing to do is... | I think you should... | You could consider... | |
I strongly suggest... | My advice is to... | It might be worth a try... | |
Неформальный | You've gotta... | I'd go with... | Maybe check out... |
Definitely do... | I recommend... | You might wanna... | |
Your best bet is to... | Try... | Could be worth a shot... | |
You really need to... | I'd say... | Maybe give it a go... |
📝 Упражнения
Упражнение 1: Выбор подходящего выражения
Выберите наиболее подходящее выражение для каждой ситуации:
-
Ваш друг спрашивает, что делать с постоянными опозданиями на работу. a) "You must wake up earlier." b) "Have you considered setting multiple alarms?" c) "It is hereby advised that you adjust your morning routine."
-
Вы — врач, дающий рекомендации пациенту о лечении простуды. a) "You gotta drink more water, man." b) "Just take some pills and you'll be fine." c) "I recommend drinking plenty of fluids and getting adequate rest."
-
Вы с коллегами решаете, где провести корпоративное мероприятие. a) "Why don't we consider the conference center downtown?" b) "The downtown conference center is obviously the only choice." c) "You should pick the downtown conference center."
-
Ваш младший брат просит совета о выборе университета. a) "You must attend Harvard, there's no alternative." b) "If I were you, I'd look for a university that has a strong program in your field of interest." c) "It is mandatory that you select an institution that aligns with your academic objectives."
-
Вы предлагаете другу способ провести выходные. a) "How about going hiking on Saturday?" b) "You need to go hiking on Saturday." c) "I would like to formally propose a hiking expedition on Saturday."
Упражнение 2: Трансформация выражений
Перефразируйте следующие предложения, изменив уровень формальности (с формального на неформальный или наоборот):
-
"You should definitely quit that job." (формальный стиль)
-
"I recommend that you submit your application before the deadline." (неформальный стиль)
-
"Wanna grab lunch later?" (формальный стиль)
-
"It might be beneficial to reconsider your approach." (неформальный стиль)
-
"Just tell her how you feel!" (формальный стиль)
Упражнение 3: Смягчение советов
Перепишите следующие прямые советы в более мягкой форме:
-
"You must learn English grammar better."
-
"Don't eat so much junk food."
-
"You should break up with him immediately."
-
"Stop wasting time on social media."
-
"You need to exercise more."
📝 Домашнее задание
Задание 1: Ситуационные диалоги
Напишите короткие диалоги (5-6 реплик) для следующих ситуаций, используя различные способы выражения предложений, советов и рекомендаций:
- Вы предлагаете план действий своим коллегам на рабочем совещании.
- Вы даете другу совет о том, как улучшить отношения с партнером.
- Вы рекомендуете туристу места, которые стоит посетить в вашем городе.
- Вы предлагаете решение проблемы другу, который потерял важный документ.
- Вы даете рекомендации новому сотруднику о том, как влиться в коллектив.
Задание 2: Перевод предложений с русского на английский
Переведите следующие предложения на английский, используя подходящие выражения для предложений, советов и рекомендаций:
- Я предлагаю обсудить этот вопрос на следующей неделе. (формальный стиль)
- Давай сходим в парк сегодня вечером. (неформальный стиль)
- Тебе следует поговорить с менеджером об этой проблеме. (нейтральный стиль)
- Возможно, вам стоит подумать о смене работы. (мягкий совет)
- Не рекомендуется принимать это лекарство на пустой желудок. (формальная рекомендация)
- А как насчет того, чтобы заказать пиццу? (неформальное предложение)
- Я бы на твоем месте извинился перед ней. (условный совет)
- Мы могли бы организовать встречу во вторник. (нейтральное предложение)
- Настоятельно рекомендую прочитать эту книгу. (настоятельная рекомендация)
- Может быть, тебе стоит взять отпуск? (мягкий совет в форме вопроса)
Задание 3: Анализ и исправление диалога
Прочитайте следующий диалог и найдите проблемы в том, как даются советы и предложения. Перепишите диалог, исправив эти проблемы:
Friend 1: I've been having trouble sleeping lately.
Friend 2: You must stop drinking coffee after 2 PM. And you must exercise more. Also, you have to go to bed at the same time every night.
Friend 1: I guess I could try that...
Friend 2: You need to try it. There is no other way. And you must put away all electronic devices at least one hour before bed.
Friend 1: That's going to be hard with my work schedule.
Friend 2: Don't make excuses. Your health is important. You must change your habits now.
Friend 1: OK, I'll try.
Friend 2: Also, you should see a doctor. You have to make an appointment this week.
Задание 4: Создание собственной таблицы выражений
Создайте таблицу полезных выражений для предложений, советов и рекомендаций, которые вы считаете наиболее полезными в своей повседневной жизни. Распределите их по категориям (формальные, неформальные) и укажите ситуации, в которых вы могли бы их использовать.
Задание 5: Разбор ситуаций
Для каждой из следующих ситуаций напишите по три варианта совета или предложения: прямой, мягкий и очень осторожный:
- Ваш друг хочет бросить университет.
- Ваш коллега постоянно опаздывает на работу.
- Ваш родственник тратит слишком много денег на ненужные вещи.
- Ваш сосед по комнате не помогает с уборкой.
- Ваш знакомый выглядит подавленным и, возможно, нуждается в профессиональной помощи.
📚 Ответы к упражнениям
Упражнение 1:
- b) "Have you considered setting multiple alarms?"
- c) "I recommend drinking plenty of fluids and getting adequate rest."
- a) "Why don't we consider the conference center downtown?"
- b) "If I were you, I'd look for a university that has a strong program in your field of interest."
- a) "How about going hiking on Saturday?"
Упражнение 2:
- "I would strongly advise considering alternative employment options, given your current circumstances."
- "Make sure you get your application in before the deadline!"
- "Would you be interested in joining me for lunch later today?"
- "Maybe try a different approach?"
- "I would recommend expressing your feelings to her directly."
Упражнение 3:
- "It might be helpful to focus a bit more on improving your English grammar."
- "Have you considered reducing the amount of junk food in your diet?"
- "If I were in your situation, I might think about whether this relationship is truly making you happy."
- "You might find it beneficial to limit your time on social media."
- "Perhaps incorporating more physical activity into your routine could be beneficial for your health."