Урок 36: Рассказ о прошлом опыте и биографии

🔄 В предыдущих уроках мы изучили вопросы со структурой "How long...?" для выяснения продолжительности действий, а также разные формы прошедшего времени (Past Simple, Past Continuous и конструкцию "used to"). Сегодня мы объединим эти знания и научимся связно рассказывать о своем прошлом опыте и биографии — навык, который необходим как для повседневного общения, так и для профессиональных ситуаций, таких как собеседования или деловые знакомства.

🎯 Почему эта тема важна? Умение грамотно рассказать о своем опыте, образовании, карьере и достижениях — один из базовых коммуникативных навыков. Этот навык пригодится вам на собеседованиях, при написании резюме, в ситуациях нетворкинга, а также в обычных разговорах, когда люди знакомятся и делятся своими историями. Рассказ о прошлом опыте требует правильного использования грамматики (особенно времен), специальной лексики и понимания культурных ожиданий относительно того, как должна быть структурирована такая информация.

🎯 Основные концепции

📚 Грамматические времена для рассказа о прошлом опыте

Для рассказа о прошлом опыте и биографии используются различные времена в зависимости от контекста:

1. Past Simple — основное время для описания завершенных действий и событий в прошлом:

   • I graduated from university in 2015. (Я окончил университет в 2015 году.)
   • She worked as a teacher for five years. (Она работала учителем пять лет.)

2. Present Perfect — для связи прошлого опыта с настоящим моментом:

   • I have worked in marketing for ten years. (Я работаю в маркетинге десять лет.)
   • She has published three research papers. (Она опубликовала три научные статьи.)

3. Present Perfect Continuous — для длительных действий, начавшихся в прошлом и продолжающихся до сих пор:

   • I have been studying English for five years. (Я изучаю английский пять лет.)
   • He has been working on this project since January. (Он работает над этим проектом с января.)

4. Past Continuous — для описания процессов и фоновых действий в прошлом:

   • While I was studying at university, I also was working part-time. (Пока я учился в университете, я также работал неполный рабочий день.)

5. Past Perfect — для действий, которые произошли до определенного момента в прошлом:

   • By the time I graduated, I had already gained enough experience. (К тому времени, как я окончил обучение, я уже получил достаточно опыта.)

📚 Хронологические маркеры и временные выражения

Для структурирования рассказа о биографии и опыте важно использовать временные маркеры:

Для обозначения периодов:

• from 2010 to 2015 — с 2010 по 2015
• between 2010 and 2015 — между 2010 и 2015
• during my college years — во время учебы в колледже
• throughout my career — на протяжении всей карьеры
• for five years — в течение пяти лет
• since 2010 — с 2010 года

Для обозначения последовательности:

• first / initially / at first — сначала / изначально
• then / after that / later — затем / после этого / позже
• next / subsequently — затем / впоследствии
• finally / eventually — в конце концов / в итоге
• meanwhile / at the same time — тем временем / в то же время
• previously — ранее
• afterward — впоследствии

Для обозначения ключевых моментов:

• at the age of 18 — в возрасте 18 лет
• in 2010 — в 2010 году
• when I was a child — когда я был ребенком
• after graduating — после окончания учебы
• before moving to — до переезда в
• while working as — во время работы в качестве
• upon completion of — по завершении

📚 Основные шаблоны для рассказа о биографии

1. Хронологический порядок (наиболее распространенный):

I was born in [место] in [год].
I grew up in [место].
I studied [предмет] at [учебное заведение].
After graduating, I started working as [должность] at [компания].
Later, I moved to [место] and joined [компания].
Currently, I am [текущая должность/занятие].

2. Тематический порядок (по сферам жизни):

Education: I studied [предмет] at [учебное заведение].
Work Experience: I have worked in [отрасль] for [период].
Skills: I have developed expertise in [навыки].
Personal Development: I have participated in [курсы/программы].
Achievements: I am proud of [достижения].

3. Начиная с настоящего (для собеседований):

Currently, I am working as [должность] at [компания].
Before that, I was [предыдущая должность] at [предыдущая компания].
I gained my experience in [навык/сфера] while working at [компания].
I started my career as [начальная позиция].
I prepared for this career by studying [предмет] at [учебное заведение].

📚 Лексика для рассказа о прошлом опыте

🔍 Образовательный опыт:

• to graduate (from) — окончить (учебное заведение)
• to major in — специализироваться в
• to minor in — иметь дополнительную специализацию в
• to earn/obtain/receive a degree/diploma — получить степень/диплом
• to study abroad — учиться за границей
• to take courses in — проходить курсы по
• to complete a program — завершить программу
• academic achievements — академические достижения
• thesis/dissertation — дипломная работа/диссертация
• GPA (Grade Point Average) — средний балл

🔍 Профессиональный опыт:

• to work as — работать как/в качестве
• to be employed at/by — быть нанятым в/компанией
• to join a company — присоединиться к компании
• to be promoted to — быть повышенным до
• to be responsible for — быть ответственным за
• to oversee/supervise — наблюдать/контролировать
• to manage a team/project — управлять командой/проектом
• to implement — внедрять
• to develop/design — разрабатывать/проектировать
• to achieve/accomplish — достигать/выполнять

🔍 Достижения и навыки:

• to achieve/reach goals — достигать целей
• to exceed expectations — превосходить ожидания
• to improve/enhance — улучшать/совершенствовать
• to reduce costs/time — сокращать расходы/время
• to increase sales/efficiency — увеличивать продажи/эффективность
• to solve problems — решать проблемы
• to receive recognition/awards — получать признание/награды
• to contribute to — вносить вклад в
• to master a skill — овладеть навыком
• to gain experience in — получить опыт в

🔍 Жизненный опыт:

• to grow up — расти
• to move to — переехать в
• to experience — испытать, пережить
• to overcome challenges — преодолеть трудности
• to learn from mistakes — учиться на ошибках
• to develop as a person — развиваться как личность
• to change priorities — менять приоритеты
• to discover interests — открывать интересы
• to pursue passions — следовать увлечениям
• to volunteer — заниматься волонтерством

📚 Правила и исключения

🔍 Правило #1: Правильный выбор времени

При рассказе о биографии и опыте важно выбирать подходящее время:

• Past Simple — для завершенных действий с указанием времени:

  • I graduated in 2015.
  • I worked at Microsoft from 2010 to 2015.

• Present Perfect — для опыта, имеющего связь с настоящим (без указания точного времени):

  • I have worked in IT for 10 years.
  • I have lived in three different countries.

Ошибкой является использование Present Perfect с конкретными временными маркерами прошлого: ❌ I have graduated in 2015. ✅ I graduated in 2015.

🔍 Правило #2: Соблюдение хронологии и согласование времен

При описании последовательности событий в прошлом соблюдайте хронологический порядок и согласование времен:

• Для двух последовательных действий в прошлом — Past Simple для обоих:

  • I graduated from university and then started working.

• Для действия, предшествующего другому действию в прошлом — Past Perfect + Past Simple:

  • I had worked in marketing for five years before I changed my career.

🔍 Правило #3: Формальный vs. неформальный стиль

Стиль рассказа о прошлом опыте зависит от контекста:

Формальный (собеседования, резюме, деловые встречи):

• Используйте полные формы (I have, I am) вместо сокращений (I've, I'm)
• Избегайте разговорных выражений и сленга
• Фокусируйтесь на профессиональных достижениях и конкретных результатах
• Используйте более сложные грамматические конструкции и профессиональную лексику

Например: "I have been responsible for developing and implementing marketing strategies that resulted in a 30% increase in customer engagement."

Неформальный (личные разговоры, знакомства):

• Можно использовать сокращения (I've, I'm)
• Допустимы разговорные выражения
• Можно включать личные истории и эмоциональные комментарии
• Подходит более простая грамматика и повседневная лексика

Например: "I've been working in marketing for about 5 years now. It's been quite a journey, and I've really enjoyed the creative aspects of the job!"

⚠️ Исключение: Американский vs. Британский английский

В американском английском иногда вместо Present Perfect для опыта используется Past Simple:

🇺🇸 American: I worked in IT for 10 years. (возможно в разговорной речи) 🇬🇧 British: I have worked in IT for 10 years. (предпочтительно)

Однако в формальных ситуациях (собеседования, деловые встречи) даже в американском английском рекомендуется использовать Present Perfect для описания опыта без указания конкретного времени.

🧠 Мнемотехники для запоминания

1. "ППН" для выбора между Past Simple и Present Perfect

• Прошлое конкретное (с датой) → Past Simple
• Прошлое без даты и связь с Настоящим → Present Perfect

Например: "I visited Paris in 2015." (Past Simple — есть конкретная дата) "I have visited Paris." (Present Perfect — нет даты, важен сам опыт)

2. Хронология биографии как "линия жизни"

Представьте свою биографию как линию с ключевыми точками. Для каждой точки определите:

• Когда? (временной маркер)
• Что? (событие или период)
• Результат? (что это дало)

3. Формула "3О" для достижений

Любое достижение можно описать по формуле:

• Обстоятельства (What was the situation?)
• Ответственность (What was your responsibility?)
• Оценка результата (What did you achieve?)

Например: "While working at XYZ company (Обстоятельства), I was responsible for redesigning the customer support system (Ответственность). This resulted in a 40% decrease in response time (Оценка результата)."

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: Собеседование

Interviewer: Could you tell me about your background and experience?
Candidate: Of course. I graduated from Boston University with a degree in Computer Science in 2015. During my studies, I was particularly interested in software development and data analysis. After graduation, I joined Tech Solutions as a junior developer, where I worked on various web applications using JavaScript and Python.
Interviewer: How long did you work there?
Candidate: I worked at Tech Solutions for three years. During that time, I was promoted to senior developer and led a team of five people. We successfully delivered several key projects, including a CRM system that improved customer retention by 25%.
Interviewer: What did you do after leaving Tech Solutions?
Candidate: After Tech Solutions, I moved to DataCorp, where I've been working for the past four years as a project manager. I've been responsible for overseeing the development of data analytics solutions for enterprise clients. During my time there, I've managed projects with budgets exceeding $1 million and have consistently delivered on time and within budget.
Interviewer: Have you had any experience with cloud technologies?
Candidate: Yes, I have worked extensively with AWS and Azure throughout my career. At DataCorp, I led the migration of our core systems to the cloud, which reduced our operational costs by 30%. I've also been certified as an AWS Solutions Architect since 2019.
Interviewer: What would you say is your biggest professional achievement so far?
Candidate: My biggest achievement was redesigning the entire infrastructure at DataCorp. When I joined, they were using outdated technologies that were causing performance issues. I proposed and implemented a new microservices architecture, which not only improved system performance by 60% but also made it much easier to scale. This project required coordinating with multiple teams and stakeholders, and I'm proud that we completed it without any disruption to our clients.

Диалог 2: Знакомство на нетворкинг-мероприятии

Sarah: Hi there! I don't think we've met. I'm Sarah.
Michael: Nice to meet you, Sarah. I'm Michael. Is this your first time at this networking event?
Sarah: Actually, I've been coming to these events for about a year now. I find them really helpful for making new connections in the industry. How about you?
Michael: This is only my second time. I moved to this city six months ago for a new job, so I'm still getting to know people.
Sarah: Oh, interesting! What do you do, and where did you move from?
Michael: I'm a marketing specialist at GreenTech. I moved here from Chicago, where I'd been living for about five years. Before that, I grew up in a small town in Ohio.
Sarah: That's quite a change! How are you finding the transition from Chicago to here?
Michael: It's been great so far! I've always wanted to live on the West Coast, and when this opportunity came up, I just couldn't pass it up. The weather here is definitely better than Chicago winters! What about you? Have you always lived here?
Sarah: No, I'm actually from Boston originally. I studied business administration at Northeastern University and moved here right after graduation in 2013. I started out at a small startup, but for the past four years, I've been working at FinancePlus as a business analyst.
Michael: That's impressive! What kind of projects have you been working on there?
Sarah: Lately, I've been focusing on improving our data visualization systems. Before that, I was part of a team that developed a new financial planning tool for our clients. It's been really rewarding to see how our work has helped people manage their finances better. What about you? What kind of marketing do you specialize in?
Michael: I've been mainly working in digital marketing, with a focus on content strategy. At GreenTech, I've been developing campaigns to highlight our sustainable products. It's a great combination of my marketing skills and my personal interest in environmental issues.

Диалог 3: Рассказ о жизненном опыте

Tom: Hey Alex, I don't think I've ever heard the full story of how you became a photographer. How did that happen?
Alex: It's actually been quite a journey! I didn't start out planning to be a photographer at all. I studied economics in college and worked in banking for about three years after graduation.
Tom: Really? That's so different from what you do now. What made you change paths?
Alex: Well, while I was working at the bank, I started taking photos as a hobby. I've always been interested in art, but I had never seriously pursued it. One day, a friend asked me to photograph her wedding because she couldn't afford a professional photographer.
Tom: How did that go?
Alex: Surprisingly well! I borrowed some equipment, studied photography techniques intensively for a few weeks, and somehow managed to capture some really nice moments. After that wedding, a few of the guests asked for my card, assuming I was a professional. That's when I realized this could be more than just a hobby.
Tom: So what did you do next?
Alex: I kept my banking job but started taking evening classes in photography. Over the next year, I saved money and built up a portfolio by doing free or low-cost shoots on weekends. Eventually, I had enough clients and savings to take the leap. I quit my banking job in 2016 and opened my own photography studio.
Tom: That was brave! Did you ever regret leaving a stable job?
Alex: There were definitely challenging times, especially during the first two years when I was still building my business. There were months when I barely made enough to cover my expenses. But I've never regretted the decision. By 2018, I had established a solid client base, and since then, my business has been growing steadily.
Tom: What would you say has been the most rewarding part of this journey?
Alex: The most rewarding part has been the creative freedom. I've developed my own style over the years and have had the opportunity to work on diverse projects—from family portraits to commercial work for local businesses. Each project teaches me something new. It's a completely different kind of satisfaction than what I had in banking.

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Выберите правильное время

Выберите подходящее время для каждого предложения.

1. I __________ (work) at IBM for five years before I changed jobs. a) worked b) have worked c) had worked d) have been working

2. She __________ (study) biology at Harvard University and __________ (graduate) with honors. a) studied, graduated b) has studied, has graduated c) had studied, graduated d) was studying, graduated

3. How long __________ you __________ (be) interested in photography? a) are, being b) were, being c) have, been d) had, been

4. By the time I started my own business, I __________ (gain) enough experience in the industry. a) gained b) have gained c) had gained d) was gaining

5. I __________ (live) in New York since 2015. a) live b) lived c) have lived d) had lived

6. When I was younger, I __________ (want) to become a doctor. a) want b) wanted c) have wanted d) had wanted

7. I __________ (not change) jobs since I started working here ten years ago. a) don't change b) didn't change c) haven't changed d) hadn't changed

8. Last year, while I __________ (work) on a major project, I __________ (receive) a promotion. a) worked, received b) was working, received c) have worked, have received d) had worked, had received

Упражнение 2: Хронологические маркеры

Дополните предложения подходящими временными маркерами из списка: during, after, before, while, since, for, in, from, to, when.

1. I worked as a teacher __________ five years.
2. __________ I graduated from college, I started looking for a job in marketing.
3. I have been interested in computer science __________ I was a teenager.
4. __________ my time at university, I participated in several research projects.
5. I worked at the company __________ 2010 __________ 2015.
6. __________ working on my first project, I realized I needed additional training.
7. I had already gained experience in sales __________ I applied for the management position.
8. I have been working in this industry __________ 2012.

Упражнение 3: Составьте рассказ о биографии

Расположите следующие предложения в логическом порядке, чтобы получился связный рассказ о биографии.

a) After gaining five years of experience, I was promoted to senior manager. b) I graduated from Stanford University with a degree in Business Administration in 2012. c) I grew up in a small town in California, where I developed an interest in business at an early age. d) Currently, I am working as a director of operations at TechGlobal, where I have been since 2020. e) My first job after graduation was as a junior analyst at Finance Corp. f) Throughout my career, I have focused on developing my leadership skills and strategic thinking. g) In 2017, I decided to challenge myself further and joined InnovateNow as a project manager. h) While studying, I completed two internships at leading companies in the financial sector.

Упражнение 4: Перевод с русского на английский

Переведите следующие предложения на английский, используя подходящие времена и лексику.

1. Я окончил университет в 2014 году со степенью в области компьютерных наук.
2. Я работаю в этой компании уже 5 лет.
3. До того, как я стал менеджером, я работал обычным программистом в течение трех лет.
4. Пока я учился в университете, я подрабатывал в местном кафе.
5. С детства я интересовался иностранными языками.
6. Я прошел несколько специализированных курсов по маркетингу между 2015 и 2017 годами.
7. На протяжении всей своей карьеры я работал с международными клиентами.
8. После переезда в Нью-Йорк я начал работать в технологическом стартапе.

Упражнение 5: Ответьте на вопросы интервью

Напишите свои ответы на следующие вопросы, как если бы вы были на собеседовании, используя правильные грамматические конструкции и соответствующую лексику.

1. Tell me about your educational background.
2. What experience do you have in this field?
3. Describe your most recent job and responsibilities.
4. What has been your biggest professional achievement so far?
5. How has your previous experience prepared you for this role?
6. Where do you see yourself five years from now?
7. Have you ever had to deal with a difficult situation at work? How did you handle it?
8. What skills have you developed throughout your career?

⚠️ Типичные ошибки русскоговорящих

1. Неправильное использование времен

   В русском языке мы используем настоящее время для действий, которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются до сих пор:

   ❌ I work in this company for five years. ✅ I have been working / have worked in this company for five years.

2. Путаница с "for" и "since"

   ❌ I live in Moscow since 2010. ✅ I have been living in Moscow since 2010.

   ❌ I work in this position for 2015. ✅ I have been working in this position since 2015.

3. Избыточное использование Past Perfect

   Русскоговорящие иногда переусердствуют с Past Perfect, когда последовательность событий ясна из контекста:

   ❌ After I had graduated from university, I had found a job in a big company. ✅ After I graduated from university, I found a job in a big company.

4. Неправильное использование артиклей с должностями и учебными заведениями

   ❌ I worked as the manager in the Microsoft. ✅ I worked as a manager at Microsoft.

5. Слишком прямой перевод русских конструкций

   ❌ On the work I responsible for reports. (дословный перевод "На работе я отвечаю за отчеты") ✅ At work, I am responsible for reports.

6. Использование настоящего времени для описания прошлых должностей и обязанностей

   ❌ In my previous job, I am responsible for customer service. ✅ In my previous job, I was responsible for customer service.

📚 Итоговая таблица: Времена для рассказа о биографии и опыте

Выбор времени в зависимости от контекста

Структурные элементы биографии

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1

Напишите свою краткую биографию (10-12 предложений), используя различные временные формы и хронологические маркеры. Включите информацию о вашем образовании, карьере и достижениях.

Задание 2

Подготовьте рассказ о своем опыте работы или учебы для собеседования. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

• What is your educational background?
• What work experience do you have?
• What are your main achievements?
• What skills have you developed?
• How has your past experience prepared you for new challenges?

Задание 3

Переведите следующий текст на английский, используя правильные времена и временные маркеры:

"Я родился в Москве в 1990 году. После окончания школы я поступил в университет, где изучал экономику. Во время учебы я также работал неполный рабочий день в маркетинговом агентстве. После окончания университета в 2012 году я начал работать в финансовой компании как аналитик. Через три года я получил повышение до старшего аналитика. В 2018 году я решил сменить направление и перешел в технологическую компанию, где работаю до сих пор. За последние пять лет я разработал несколько успешных проектов и получил ценный опыт в управлении командой. Сейчас я руковожу отделом из 10 человек. В будущем я планирую получить степень MBA и развивать свои навыки в области стратегического управления."

Задание 4

Подготовьте 5 вопросов, которые вы могли бы задать собеседнику о его прошлом опыте и биографии. Затем напишите возможные ответы на эти вопросы, используя разные грамматические конструкции.

Задание 5

Создайте свое профессиональное резюме (CV) на английском языке, используя изученную лексику и структуры. Включите следующие разделы:

• Personal Information
• Education
• Work Experience
• Skills
• Achievements
• Languages
• Interests

📝 Ответы к упражнениям

Упражнение 1: Выберите правильное время

1. c) had worked
2. a) studied, graduated
3. c) have, been
4. c) had gained
5. c) have lived
6. b) wanted
7. c) haven't changed
8. b) was working, received

Упражнение 2: Хронологические маркеры

1. for
2. After
3. since
4. During
5. from, to
6. While
7. before
8. since

Упражнение 3: Составьте рассказ о биографии

Правильный порядок: c, b, h, e, a, g, d, f

Упражнение 4: Перевод с русского на английский

1. I graduated from university in 2014 with a degree in Computer Science.
2. I have been working at this company for 5 years.
3. Before I became a manager, I had worked as a regular programmer for three years.
4. While I was studying at university, I worked part-time at a local café.
5. I have been interested in foreign languages since childhood.
6. I took several specialized courses in marketing between 2015 and 2017.
7. Throughout my career, I have worked with international clients.
8. After moving to New York, I started working at a technology startup.

Упражнение 5: Ответьте на вопросы интервью

Примеры ответов (могут различаться):

1. I graduated from [University] with a degree in [Subject] in [Year]. During my studies, I focused on [Specialization] and participated in [Activities/Projects].

2. I have been working in this field for [Number] years. I started as a [Position] and have gained experience in [Areas of Expertise]. I have worked with [Types of Projects/Clients].

3. In my most recent position at [Company], I was responsible for [Responsibilities]. I managed [Number] team members and oversaw [Projects/Tasks]. One of my main achievements was [Achievement].

4. My biggest professional achievement so far has been [Description of Achievement]. This project required [Skills/Efforts] and resulted in [Positive Outcomes] for the company. I'm particularly proud of this accomplishment because [Reason].

5. My previous experience has equipped me with valuable skills in [Skill areas] that are directly applicable to this role. Working at [Previous Company] taught me how to [Relevant Skill], which will be essential for [Task in New Role].

6. Five years from now, I see myself having grown in this role and taken on more responsibilities in [Area]. I aim to develop expertise in [Skill/Area] and potentially move into a [Target Position] role.

7. Yes, I once had to deal with [Difficult Situation]. I approached it by [Actions Taken]. First, I [Step 1], then I [Step 2]. Eventually, this resulted in [Positive Outcome]. From this experience, I learned [Lesson].

8. Throughout my career, I have developed strong skills in [Skill 1], [Skill 2], and [Skill 3]. I have continuously improved my [Technical/Soft] skills through [Training/Practice]. I'm particularly proficient in [Specific Skill] which has helped me [Accomplishment].