Урок 4 (B1): Present Perfect для выражения длительности (с for и since)

В предыдущих уроках мы познакомились с основными формами и случаями употребления Present Perfect, а также изучили, как наречия (ever, never, yet, already, just) модифицируют значение этого времени. Сегодня мы рассмотрим особый случай использования Present Perfect — выражение действий, которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются до настоящего момента.

Это одно из самых важных применений Present Perfect, которое часто вызывает трудности у русскоговорящих студентов. В русском языке мы обычно используем настоящее время для таких действий: "Я живу здесь два года" (имея в виду, что продолжаем жить). В английском же используется Present Perfect: "I have lived here for two years" (подчеркивая связь между прошлым и настоящим). Понимание этой разницы — ключ к правильному использованию английских времен.

🎯 Основные концепции

📚 Present Perfect для выражения длительности

Present Perfect используется для описания действий или состояний, которые:

1. Начались в прошлом
2. Продолжаются до настоящего момента
3. Могут продолжаться и в будущем

Для указания на продолжительность таких действий используются два ключевых предлога: for и since.

🔍 Сравнение FOR и SINCE

FOR (в течение)

Предлог for используется с периодом времени — он отвечает на вопрос "как долго?":

• I have lived in New York for five years. (Я живу в Нью-Йорке в течение пяти лет.)
• She has studied English for three months. (Она изучает английский в течение трех месяцев.)
• They have known each other for a long time. (Они знают друг друга в течение долгого времени.)

Типичные выражения с for:

• for two hours/days/weeks/months/years
• for a long time
• for ages
• for decades
• for my whole life
• for several minutes

SINCE (с)

Предлог since используется с точкой (моментом) времени в прошлом — он отвечает на вопрос "с какого момента?":

• I have lived in Chicago since 2018. (Я живу в Чикаго с 2018 года.)
• She has been ill since Monday. (Она болеет с понедельника.)
• They have been married since they graduated from college. (Они женаты с тех пор, как окончили колледж.)

Типичные выражения с since:

• since 6 o'clock/Monday/January/2010
• since last week/month/year
• since I was a child
• since the beginning of time
• since the pandemic started
• since we met

📚 Формы Present Perfect с for и since

Present Perfect с for и since может использоваться в нескольких формах:

1. Present Perfect Simple

Используется для действий, которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются до сих пор:

• I have worked here for six years. (Я работаю здесь шесть лет.)
• She has lived in Boston since 2015. (Она живет в Бостоне с 2015 года.)

2. Present Perfect Continuous

Часто используется для подчеркивания непрерывности или длительности процесса:

• I have been working here for six years. (Я работаю здесь шесть лет.)
• She has been living in Boston since 2015. (Она живет в Бостоне с 2015 года.)

Выбор между Present Perfect Simple и Present Perfect Continuous зависит от типа глагола и акцента, который вы хотите сделать. Мы подробнее рассмотрим это в следующем уроке, посвященном Present Perfect Continuous.

📚 Правила и исключения

Особые случаи употребления for и since

1. "Since" в начале предложения

"Since" может использоваться в начале придаточного предложения:

• I have lived in New York since I graduated from college. (Я живу в Нью-Йорке с тех пор, как окончил колледж.)
• She has been famous since she appeared in that movie. (Она известна с тех пор, как появилась в том фильме.)

2. "For" с определенным артиклем

Когда мы говорим о конкретном периоде времени, используется определенный артикль:

• I've been waiting for the past two hours. (Я жду последние два часа.)
• She has been working hard for the last few months. (Она усердно работает последние несколько месяцев.)

3. "How long" вопросы

Для вопросов о длительности используется фраза "How long":

• How long have you lived in Chicago? (Как долго ты живешь в Чикаго?)
• How long has she known him? (Как долго она его знает?)

4. Отрицательные предложения

В отрицательных предложениях мы показываем, что действие не происходило в течение указанного периода:

• I haven't seen him for two weeks. (Я не видел его две недели.)
• She hasn't called since last Monday. (Она не звонила с прошлого понедельника.)

Особенности американского английского

В американском английском есть некоторые нюансы использования for и since:

1. В разговорном американском английском for иногда опускается, особенно с выражениями времени:

   • I've been waiting (for) two hours. (Я жду два часа.)
   • She's worked here (for) five years. (Она работает здесь пять лет.)

2. В американском английском иногда используется Past Simple вместо Present Perfect для длительных действий в разговорной речи:

   • I lived here for five years. (вместо I have lived here for five years) - Но это не считается стандартным и часто означает, что действие уже завершилось.

3. "Since when" в американском английском часто используется для выражения удивления или недоверия:

   • Since when do you like jazz? (С каких это пор тебе нравится джаз?)

🧠 Мнемотехники

1. "FOR = FOuR letters" (Период)

Запомните: FOR содержит 4 буквы (FOuR) и используется с периодом времени (который часто выражается цифрами: 4 дня, 4 года).

2. "SINCE = Specific Starting point"

SINCE начинается с "S" как "Specific Starting point" — конкретная начальная точка времени.

3. Визуальный образ для разницы между for и since

Представьте линию времени:

• For — это отрезок на линии времени (черта определенной длины)
• Since — это точка на линии времени, от которой идет стрелка к настоящему моменту

4. Русская ассоциация

• For — "На протяжении" (указывает на период)
• Since — "С момента" (используется с точкой времени)

⚠️ Типичные ошибки русскоговорящих

1. Использование Present Simple вместо Present Perfect

   • ❌ I live here for five years. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ I have lived here for five years. (Правильно)

2. Использование неправильного предлога

   • ❌ I have been here since two hours. (Неправильно)

   • ✅ I have been here for two hours. (Правильно)

   • ❌ She has worked here for 2019. (Неправильно)

   • ✅ She has worked here since 2019. (Правильно)

3. Неправильное использование времени в придаточном предложении с since

   • ❌ I've known him since we have met in college. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ I've known him since we met in college. (Правильно)

4. Употребление for и since в одном предложении

   • ❌ I have lived here for two years since 2020. (Избыточно)
   • ✅ I have lived here for two years. ИЛИ I have lived here since 2020. (Правильно)

5. Неправильный порядок слов

   • ❌ For how long have you been waiting? (Неправильно)
   • ✅ How long have you been waiting? (Правильно)

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: Знакомство с новым коллегой

John: How long have you worked for this company?
Sarah: I've worked here for three years now. What about you?
John: I've only been here since last month. I'm still getting used to everything.
Sarah: Don't worry. I've known most of the team since I started, and they're all very helpful.
John: That's good to hear. How long have you lived in Chicago?
Sarah: I've lived here since 2017. I moved here after graduating from college.
John: Nice! I've been in the city for about six months. I love it so far.

Диалог 2: Разговор друзей

Mike: How long have you known Tom?
Lisa: I've known him since high school. We've been friends for almost ten years.
Mike: Wow, that's a long time! Have you always lived in the same city?
Lisa: No, we haven't seen each other regularly since college. He's lived in Boston for the last five years.
Mike: I see. And how long have you been learning Spanish?
Lisa: I've been studying it for two years, but I haven't practiced much since the summer.
Mike: You should start again. I've been learning French since January, and I practice every day.

Диалог 3: На собеседовании

Interviewer: How long have you been interested in marketing?
Candidate: I've been passionate about marketing since my first internship in college. I've studied different strategies for over five years now.
Interviewer: That's impressive. How long have you used social media for business purposes?
Candidate: I've used social media professionally since 2018. I've worked with various platforms for the past six years.
Interviewer: Great. And have you worked with Adobe Creative Suite before?
Candidate: Yes, I have. I've been using Photoshop and Illustrator for many years. In fact, I've created designs for clients since I started my career.

📚 Итоговая таблица

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Заполните пропуски, используя for или since

1. I have lived in Seattle _______ 2015.
2. She has studied French _______ six months.
3. They have been married _______ twenty years.
4. He hasn't seen his brother _______ Christmas.
5. We have known each other _______ childhood.
6. I haven't eaten anything _______ breakfast.
7. It has been raining _______ three days.
8. She has worked in this company _______ a long time.
9. They have been friends _______ they met in college.
10. I have had this car _______ more than five years.

Упражнение 2: Составьте предложения с Present Perfect, используя for или since

1. I / know / her / five years
2. she / be / ill / last Monday
3. they / live / in Boston / 2019
4. we / not see / each other / Christmas
5. he / work / in this company / a long time
6. I / study / English / I was ten
7. they / be / married / ten years
8. she / not sleep / 24 hours

Упражнение 3: Преобразуйте предложения, используя Present Perfect с for или since

1. I started living here in 2018. (использовать "since")
2. She began studying Spanish three months ago. (использовать "for")
3. We met five years ago and we're still friends. (использовать "for")
4. He got this job in January and still works there. (использовать "since")
5. I last saw him two weeks ago. (использовать отрицательное предложение с "for")
6. They moved to Chicago in 2020. (использовать "since")
7. She started her business a decade ago. (использовать "for")
8. We began our project last summer. (использовать "since")

Упражнение 4: Исправьте ошибки в предложениях

1. I live here for ten years.
2. She has worked in this company since five years.
3. They have been married for 2015.
4. I know him since a long time.
5. How long time have you studied English?
6. He has been in Boston for he moved from New York.
7. We haven't seen each other since three months.
8. For how long have you had this car?
9. I am waiting for you since 2 hours.
10. She doesn't call me for last week.

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1: Переведите на английский язык

1. Я живу в Москве уже 10 лет.
2. Она работает в этой компании с 2018 года.
3. Мы знаем друг друга с детства.
4. Я не видел его уже две недели.
5. Как долго ты изучаешь английский язык?
6. Они женаты уже двадцать лет.
7. Он не звонит мне с прошлой пятницы.
8. Она болеет уже три дня.
9. Я жду тебя здесь уже час.
10. Мы не встречались с окончания университета.

Задание 2: Напишите 5 вопросов, используя "How long" и Present Perfect

Например: How long have you lived in your current apartment?

Задание 3: Составьте короткий рассказ (8-10 предложений) о себе, используя Present Perfect с for и since

Например: I have lived in my city for 15 years. I have studied English since I was a child...

Задание 4: Дополните диалог, используя Present Perfect с for или since

A: How long _______ (you/live) in your current apartment?
B: I _______ (live) there _______ three years.
A: And how long _______ (you/know) your neighbors?
B: I _______ (know) them _______ I moved in. They're very friendly.
A: That's nice. I _______ (not/meet) my neighbors yet. I _______ (be) in my new place _______ only two weeks.
B: You should introduce yourself. How long _______ (you/work) at your current job?
A: I _______ (work) there _______ 2020.

Задание 5: Исправьте ошибки в тексте

I am living in New York since 2019. I have a great job for I started last year. I haven't seen my family since six months, and I really miss them. My sister is studying in Boston for 2021, and we meet whenever we can. My best friend has moved here for two years ago, and we have been spending a lot of time together since. I have learned so much about the city since I live here. How long time have you been in your city? Have you lived there since a long time?

Ответы к упражнениям

Упражнение 1

1. since
2. for
3. for
4. since
5. since
6. since
7. for
8. for
9. since
10. for

Упражнение 2

1. I have known her for five years.
2. She has been ill since last Monday.
3. They have lived in Boston since 2019.
4. We haven't seen each other since Christmas.
5. He has worked in this company for a long time.
6. I have studied English since I was ten.
7. They have been married for ten years.
8. She hasn't slept for 24 hours.

Упражнение 3

1. I have lived here since 2018.
2. She has studied Spanish for three months.
3. We have been friends for five years.
4. He has worked there since January.
5. I haven't seen him for two weeks.
6. They have lived in Chicago since 2020.
7. She has had her business for a decade.
8. We have been working on our project since last summer.

Упражнение 4

1. I have lived here for ten years.
2. She has worked in this company for five years.
3. They have been married since 2015.
4. I have known him for a long time.
5. How long have you studied English?
6. He has been in Boston since he moved from New York.
7. We haven't seen each other for three months.
8. How long have you had this car?
9. I have been waiting for you for 2 hours.
10. She hasn't called me since last week.