Урок 51 (B1): Ведение переговоров и достижение компромисса

Урок 51 (B1): Ведение переговоров и достижение компромисса

В предыдущем уроке мы изучили языковые навыки для решения проблем в путешествиях. Сегодня мы рассмотрим еще один важный коммуникативный навык — ведение переговоров и достижение компромисса на английском языке.

Умение эффективно вести переговоры и находить взаимовыгодные решения является ценным в различных сферах жизни: в деловых отношениях, на работе, в повседневном общении и даже в личных взаимоотношениях. Когда мы ведем переговоры на неродном языке, важно не только понимать стратегии переговоров, но и владеть специфическими языковыми инструментами, которые помогут ясно выразить свою позицию, понять позицию другой стороны и прийти к соглашению.

Этот урок поможет вам:

  • Освоить грамматические конструкции, характерные для ведения переговоров
  • Расширить словарный запас, связанный с аргументацией и компромиссами
  • Научиться смягчать высказывания, чтобы сохранять конструктивную атмосферу
  • Освоить языковые стратегии убеждения и достижения согласия

🎯 Цель урока: Овладеть языковыми средствами для эффективного ведения переговоров и достижения компромисса на английском языке, включая грамматические конструкции, лексику, речевые обороты и фразы, позволяющие успешно отстаивать свою позицию и находить взаимовыгодные решения.

📚 Грамматика: модальные глаголы для переговоров

🔍 Выражение предложений, просьб и возможностей

Модальные глаголы играют ключевую роль в переговорах, помогая выражать предложения, возможности, обязательства и рекомендации с разной степенью настойчивости и вежливости.

Would для вежливых предложений и запросов

Контекст использования: Для формулирования предложений, выражения гипотетических ситуаций и очень вежливых просьб.

Примеры:

  • "We would like to suggest an alternative approach."
  • "Would you consider extending the deadline?"
  • "What would happen if we increased the budget by 10%?"
  • "I would be interested in hearing your thoughts on this matter."

Could для возможностей и более мягких предложений

Контекст использования: Для обсуждения потенциальных возможностей, менее прямых просьб и предложений.

Примеры:

  • "We could reduce the price if you order in larger quantities."
  • "Could we postpone this decision until next week?"
  • "This could be a mutually beneficial solution."
  • "Could you clarify what you mean by 'reasonable timeframe'?"

Might для предложений с меньшей уверенностью

Контекст использования: Когда вы не уверены в предложении или хотите представить его как одну из возможностей.

Примеры:

  • "This might not be the ideal solution, but it's worth considering."
  • "We might be able to offer an additional discount under certain conditions."
  • "You might want to reconsider your position on this issue."
  • "The results might vary depending on market conditions."

Should/Ought to для рекомендаций

Контекст использования: Когда вы даете советы или рекомендации, которые считаете разумными.

Примеры:

  • "We should focus on long-term benefits rather than short-term gains."
  • "Both parties ought to make some concessions to reach an agreement."
  • "You should consider our offer carefully before making a decision."
  • "We should establish clear deadlines for each phase of the project."

Must/Have to для выражения необходимости

Контекст использования: Для обозначения требований или обязательств, но используйте осторожно, так как они могут звучать слишком настойчиво.

Примеры:

  • "We must address these concerns before moving forward."
  • "You have to understand our position on this issue."
  • "This point must be included in the final agreement."
  • "We have to consider all aspects of this proposal."

Can для выражения возможностей и способностей

Контекст использования: Для обсуждения того, что возможно или доступно.

Примеры:

  • "We can offer a 5% discount if you sign the contract today."
  • "I can see your point, but have you considered the implications?"
  • "What alternatives can we explore?"
  • "How can we resolve this issue to benefit both parties?"

🔍 Смягчение высказываний с модальными глаголами

В переговорах особенно важно уметь смягчать категоричность высказываний. Сравните следующие пары предложений:

Более категорично Более дипломатично
"We need a 15% increase." "We would need to see a 15% increase."
"This is unacceptable." "This might be difficult for us to accept."
"You must agree to our terms." "Could you consider agreeing to our terms?"
"We will not reduce the price." "We may not be able to reduce the price."
"Do this by Friday." "Could you do this by Friday?"

🔍 Упражнение на модальные глаголы

Переформулируйте следующие категоричные высказывания, используя модальные глаголы для придания им более дипломатичного тона:

  1. "We need payment within 30 days."
  2. "Your proposal is too expensive."
  3. "We want three additional features included."
  4. "This deadline is impossible."
  5. "I disagree with your assessment."
  6. "You are not meeting our quality standards."
  7. "We require a written guarantee."
  8. "Your team must work overtime to finish this."

📚 Грамматика: условные предложения в переговорах

🔍 Использование условных предложений для выдвижения условий и предложений

Условные предложения являются мощным инструментом в переговорах, позволяя выдвигать условия, обсуждать возможные сценарии и предлагать компромиссы.

First Conditional для реальных предложений и условий

Структура: If + Present Simple, will/can/may + infinitive

Контекст использования: Для обсуждения реальных условий и их последствий в будущем.

Примеры:

  • "If you increase your order to 1000 units, we will offer a 15% discount."
  • "If we sign the contract this week, we can begin implementation immediately."
  • "If you accept our terms, we will extend the warranty period."
  • "What will happen if we don't reach an agreement today?"

Second Conditional для гипотетических предложений

Структура: If + Past Simple, would/could/might + infinitive

Контекст использования: Для обсуждения маловероятных или гипотетических условий; звучит менее настойчиво, чем First Conditional.

Примеры:

  • "If we reduced the price by 5%, would you consider a longer contract?"
  • "If you were to place monthly orders, we could offer better terms."
  • "What would you say if we offered an alternative payment schedule?"
  • "If both parties compromised a little, we might find a solution."

Third Conditional для обсуждения упущенных возможностей

Структура: If + Past Perfect, would/could/might + have + Past Participle

Контекст использования: Для обсуждения того, что могло бы произойти в прошлом; используется реже в переговорах, но полезно для анализа прошлых ситуаций.

Примеры:

  • "If we had known about these requirements earlier, we would have included them in our proposal."
  • "If you had mentioned your concerns last week, we could have addressed them before finalizing the offer."
  • "We might have considered a different approach if you had explained your objectives more clearly."

Mixed Conditionals для сложных ситуаций

Структура: Различные комбинации времен

Контекст использования: Для связи прошлых условий с настоящими/будущими последствиями или настоящих условий с прошлыми последствиями.

Примеры:

  • "If we had invested in this technology last year (past), we would be in a better position now (present)."
  • "If you were more flexible on this issue (present hypothetical), we could have signed the contract yesterday (past)."

🔍 Условные конструкции со словами кроме "if"

В переговорах часто используются и другие условные конструкции:

Конструкция Пример Значение
Unless "Unless we receive the payment by Friday, we cannot ship the goods." Если не/только если
Provided that/Providing that "We'll accept your offer provided that you extend the delivery date." При условии, что
As long as "We can meet your deadline as long as there are no further changes." При условии, что
On condition that "They'll sign the contract on condition that we improve the terms." При условии, что
Supposing/Suppose "Supposing we offered a 10% discount, would that be acceptable?" Если предположить, что
Should (formal) "Should you decide to accept our offer, please notify us by Monday." Если (более формально)

🔍 Упражнение на условные предложения

  1. Составьте предложения, используя указанный тип условного предложения:

a) (First) If our supplier _______ (deliver) the materials on time, we _______ (complete) the project by the deadline.

b) (Second) If we _______ (have) more resources, we _______ (offer) you a faster turnaround time.

c) (Mixed) If they _______ (be) more flexible with their requirements, we _______ (can finish) the project last month.

d) (First with "unless") We cannot guarantee the delivery date _________ you _______ (confirm) the order today.

e) (Second with "provided that") I _______ (consider) your proposal _______ you _______ (improve) the payment terms.

  1. Переформулируйте следующие предложения, используя указанную конструкцию:

a) "If you don't pay the invoice by Friday, we will charge a late fee." (unless)

b) "If you give us more time, we can offer a better solution." (provided that)

c) "If you increase your order to 500 units, we will give you a 10% discount." (on condition that)

d) "What would you do if we offered you exclusive rights for one year?" (supposing)

📚 Лексика для ведения переговоров

🔍 Ключевые термины переговоров

Английский термин Перевод Пример использования
negotiation переговоры "We're in the final stages of negotiation with our suppliers."
compromise компромисс "Reaching a compromise will require flexibility from both sides."
proposal предложение "Their initial proposal was rejected, but they've submitted a revised one."
counter-offer встречное предложение "In response to your offer, we'd like to make a counter-offer."
terms and conditions условия "Let's review the terms and conditions of the contract."
concession уступка "We're prepared to make some concessions if you can meet us halfway."
agreement соглашение "After hours of discussion, we finally reached an agreement."
deal breaker непреодолимое препятствие "The price increase is a deal breaker for us."
bottom line минимально приемлемый результат "Our bottom line is a 5% profit margin."
win-win solution взаимовыгодное решение "We're looking for a win-win solution that benefits both companies."
deadline крайний срок "We need to conclude these negotiations before the deadline."
leverage рычаг влияния "Our existing relationship gives us some leverage in these negotiations."
stakeholder заинтересованная сторона "Have all stakeholders been consulted about this decision?"
mutual benefit взаимная выгода "This partnership should be based on mutual benefit."
non-negotiable не подлежащий обсуждению "Our quality standards are non-negotiable."

🔍 Фразы для выражения позиции и интересов

Цель Полезные фразы Примеры
Заявление о позиции "Our position is that..."; "We stand firm on..."; "From our perspective..." "Our position is that the delivery schedule needs to be more flexible."
Выражение интересов "Our main concern is..."; "What matters most to us is..."; "Our priority is..." "Our main concern is ensuring consistent quality across all deliveries."
Объяснение ограничений "We're constrained by..."; "We have limitations regarding..."; "We're bound by..." "We're constrained by regulatory requirements that prevent us from accepting these terms."
Указание приоритетов "Our top priority is..."; "What's most important for us is..."; "Above all, we need..." "Our top priority is establishing a long-term partnership, not just a one-time deal."

🔍 Фразы для выдвижения и обсуждения предложений

Цель Полезные фразы Примеры
Выдвижение предложения "We propose that..."; "We suggest..."; "What if we..."; "Our offer is..." "We propose that we split the shipping costs equally."
Отклонение предложения "I'm afraid that doesn't work for us because..."; "We can't accept that because..."; "That's problematic for us due to..." "I'm afraid that doesn't work for us because it doesn't cover our basic costs."
Запрос уточнения "Could you elaborate on...?"; "When you say..., what exactly do you mean?"; "I'm not clear about..." "Could you elaborate on what you mean by 'flexible payment terms'?"
Запрос на улучшение предложения "Could you improve your offer on...?"; "Is there any flexibility on...?"; "Can you do better on...?" "Could you improve your offer on the payment schedule?"

🔍 Фразы для достижения компромисса

Цель Полезные фразы Примеры
Предложение компромисса "Let's meet halfway on this."; "We're willing to compromise on..."; "What if we both..."; "How about a middle ground where..." "Let's meet halfway on this. We'll reduce the price if you increase the order quantity."
Уступка "We're prepared to concede on..."; "We can be flexible regarding..."; "We're willing to adjust our position on..." "We're prepared to concede on the delivery timeline if you can guarantee minimum order quantities."
Обсуждение альтернатив "Have we considered...?"; "Another option might be..."; "What about trying...?" "Have we considered a phased implementation approach instead?"
Подведение итогов "So we've agreed on..."; "Let me summarize our agreement..."; "To recap, we've decided..." "So we've agreed on a 5% discount in exchange for a 12-month contract. Is that correct?"

🔍 Упражнение на лексику переговоров

  1. Соедините термин с его определением:
Термин Определение
1. Bottom line a) An issue that, if not resolved, will cause negotiations to fail
2. Leverage b) The minimum acceptable outcome in a negotiation
3. Win-win solution c) An advantage that gives you power in a negotiation
4. Deal breaker d) Something you give up to gain something else
5. Concession e) An outcome that benefits all parties involved
6. Counter-offer f) A response to an initial offer with different terms
7. Stakeholder g) A person or group with an interest in the outcome of a decision
8. Non-negotiable h) An aspect that cannot be changed or compromised on
  1. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами из списка:

agreement, compromise, concessions, counter-offer, deal breaker, leverage, negotiation, proposal, terms and conditions, win-win solution

a) After three days of intense __________, both parties finally reached an __________.

b) Their initial __________ didn't meet our needs, so we presented a __________ with revised pricing.

c) The __________ of the contract need to be carefully reviewed by our legal team.

d) We used our position as their largest customer as __________ to secure better pricing.

e) The deadline is a __________ for us – we cannot extend it under any circumstances.

f) Both parties made __________ to reach a __________ that addressed everyone's core needs.

📚 Речевые стратегии для эффективных переговоров

🔍 Активное слушание и перефразирование

Активное слушание критически важно для понимания позиции другой стороны. Используйте следующие фразы для демонстрации внимания и проверки понимания:

Цель Полезные фразы Примеры
Перефразирование "So what you're saying is..."; "Let me see if I understand you correctly..."; "In other words..." "So what you're saying is that quality is more important to you than price, is that right?"
Подтверждение понимания "I understand that..."; "I see your point about..."; "I can appreciate your concern regarding..." "I understand that timely delivery is critical for your production schedule."
Запрос разъяснений "Could you clarify what you mean by...?"; "I'm not sure I follow you on..."; "Can you elaborate on...?" "Could you clarify what you mean by 'competitive pricing'? What benchmark are you using?"
Проверка понимания "Let me check my understanding..."; "Am I correct in thinking that...?"; "Do I understand correctly that...?" "Let me check my understanding – you need delivery by March 15th at the latest, correct?"

🔍 Смягчающие фразы и дипломатический язык

Использование дипломатического языка помогает сохранять позитивную атмосферу в напряженных переговорах:

Цель Смягчающие фразы Примеры
Смягчение несогласия "I see your point, however..."; "I understand where you're coming from, but..."; "That's a valid perspective, although..." "I see your point about reducing costs, however, we need to maintain certain quality standards."
Вежливый отказ "I wish we could, but..."; "Under different circumstances, we might consider..., but..."; "That's an interesting suggestion, however..." "I wish we could meet that price point, but our production costs simply don't allow it."
Выражение озабоченности "I'm a bit concerned about..."; "One thing that worries me is..."; "I'm not entirely comfortable with..." "I'm a bit concerned about the tight timeline you're proposing."
Тактичная критика "You might want to reconsider..."; "Have you thought about the implications of...?"; "I wonder if we've fully considered..." "You might want to reconsider the payment terms, as they could create cash flow challenges."

🔍 Методы убеждения

Эффективное убеждение часто строится на логических аргументах, апелляции к взаимной выгоде и построении доверия:

Стратегия Языковые конструкции Примеры
Логическая аргументация "The data shows that..."; "Research indicates..."; "Based on our analysis..."; "The evidence suggests..." "The data shows that investing in quality control now will reduce warranty claims by 40% over the next two years."
Апелляция к взаимной выгоде "This would benefit both of us by..."; "We both stand to gain from..."; "This approach addresses both our needs because..." "This would benefit both of us by reducing administrative overhead and streamlining communication."
Позитивная перспектива "This could lead to..."; "In the long run, this would..."; "Looking ahead, we could..." "In the long run, this partnership could open new markets for both our companies."
Рефрейминг "Looking at it from another angle..."; "Consider this perspective..."; "What if we thought about it this way..." "Looking at it from another angle, this investment is not an expense but a way to increase efficiency."

🔍 Управление эмоциями

Сохранение профессионального тона особенно важно, когда переговоры становятся напряженными:

Ситуация Полезные фразы Примеры
Снижение напряжения "Let's take a step back..."; "Perhaps we should approach this differently..."; "I think we share the same ultimate goal..." "Let's take a step back and remind ourselves what we're both trying to achieve here."
Тайм-аут "Would it make sense to take a short break?"; "Perhaps we could resume this discussion after lunch?"; "Let's sleep on this and revisit tomorrow." "Would it make sense to take a short break to review these new figures separately?"
Признание эмоций "I understand this is frustrating..."; "I can see you feel strongly about this..."; "I appreciate your passion on this issue..." "I understand this is frustrating, and I want to find a solution that addresses your concerns."
Возвращение к фактам "Let's focus on the data we have..."; "If we look at the numbers..."; "Based on the information available..." "Let's focus on the data we have and see what solutions it might suggest."

🔍 Упражнение на речевые стратегии

  1. Перефразируйте следующие утверждения, используя дипломатический язык и смягчающие фразы:

a) "Your price is too high." b) "We won't accept these delivery terms." c) "Your proposal doesn't meet our requirements." d) "That timeline is impossible." e) "We need a bigger discount."

  1. Составьте ответы на следующие сложные ситуации в переговорах, используя изученные речевые стратегии:

a) Другая сторона настаивает на условиях, которые вы не можете принять, но вы заинтересованы в продолжении отношений. b) Переговоры зашли в тупик из-за одного пункта, но в целом позиции сторон близки. c) Другая сторона выражает разочарование и раздражение в связи с вашим последним предложением. d) Вам нужно отклонить запрос, который считается очень важным для другой стороны.

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: Переговоры о цене и условиях поставки

Client: Thank you for sending your proposal. However, I must say that your pricing is considerably higher than what we had budgeted for this project.

Supplier: I understand your concern about the pricing. Could you tell me more about what you had in mind so I can see if there's room for adjustment?

Client: We were thinking closer to $15,000 rather than the $22,000 you've quoted. That's a significant difference.

Supplier: I appreciate you being straightforward about your budget constraints. The $22,000 quote reflects the premium materials and expedited timeline you requested. If we were to reduce the price to $15,000, we would need to make some adjustments to the specifications or timeline.

Client: What kind of adjustments are you suggesting?

Supplier: We could consider using standard materials instead of premium ones, which would reduce costs without significantly impacting quality. Alternatively, if we extended the delivery timeline from 4 weeks to 6 weeks, we could optimize our production schedule and reduce overtime costs.

Client: The timeline is actually more critical for us than the premium materials. We have a product launch scheduled that depends on this delivery.

Supplier: I see. Given the importance of the timeline, what if we kept the expedited 4-week delivery but used standard materials? That would bring the price down to approximately $18,000.

Client: That's still above our budget. Is there anything else we could adjust?

Supplier: Let me think... If you were able to commit to a follow-up order of similar size within the next 6 months, we could view this as part of a larger partnership and offer additional discount on this initial order.

Client: That's an interesting proposition. We are likely to need similar supplies for phase two of our project. If we committed to that second order, what would the price be for this current order?

Supplier: With that commitment, we could bring this order down to $16,500. Would that work with your budget?

Client: We'd need that commitment in writing, but yes, that's much closer to what we had in mind. Could we also discuss payment terms?

Supplier: Certainly. Our standard terms are 50% upfront and 50% upon delivery. What did you have in mind?

Client: Given that we're committing to a second order, would you consider 30% upfront, 40% on delivery, and 30% net 30?

Supplier: That's a bit of a stretch for our cash flow. How about meeting in the middle with 40% upfront, 40% on delivery, and 20% net 30?

Client: If you can provide a 5% discount for early payment of that final 20%, then we have a deal.

Supplier: That's reasonable. I believe we've found a solution that works for both of us. I'll draft a revised proposal with these new terms and send it over by tomorrow. Does that sound good?

Client: Perfect. I appreciate your flexibility.

Supplier: Likewise. I think this arrangement sets us up for a productive long-term partnership, which is what we value most.

Диалог 2: Разрешение разногласий по условиям контракта

Company A: Thanks for meeting today. We've reviewed the draft contract, and while most of it looks good, we have some concerns about the intellectual property clause in section 7.

Company B: I'm glad most of the contract meets your expectations. Could you specify what aspects of the IP clause are problematic for you?

Company A: The current wording grants you ownership of all intellectual property created during the project. However, some of the methodologies we'll be using are proprietary to our company and were developed before this project.

Company B: I see your point. That wasn't our intention. We're primarily concerned with owning the end product since we're commissioning this work specifically for our business needs.

Company A: I completely understand that perspective. What if we modified the clause to distinguish between pre-existing intellectual property and newly created IP?

Company B: That sounds reasonable in principle. How exactly would you suggest we word it?

Company A: We could specify that any pre-existing methodologies, frameworks, or tools remain the property of the original owner, while any new developments specifically created for this project would belong to your company.

Company B: I'm concerned about the definition of "new developments." Would that include adaptations or improvements to your existing methodologies that are made during our project?

Company A: That's a fair question. What if we specified that substantial adaptations or improvements would be jointly owned, giving your company a perpetual license to use them within your business?

Company B: Joint ownership could get complicated. Would you consider an alternative where you retain ownership of all methodologies, including adaptations, but grant us an exclusive, perpetual license to use anything developed during our project?

Company A: That could work for us, as long as we can still use the core methodologies (not your specific implementation) in other projects. We wouldn't want to limit our ability to serve other clients in different industries.

Company B: I understand. How about this: you retain ownership of the core methodologies, we get an exclusive, perpetual license for the specific implementation developed for our project, and there's a non-compete clause preventing you from creating similar implementations for our direct competitors for a period of two years?

Company A: The two-year period seems reasonable, but we'd need to clearly define who constitutes a "direct competitor" to avoid any misunderstandings later.

Company B: Good point. We could include a list of specific companies in an appendix to the contract, which could be reviewed annually if the contract extends beyond a year.

Company A: That sounds like a workable solution. I think we've found middle ground that protects both our interests.

Company B: I agree. I'll have our legal team draft the revised clause and send it over for your review by Thursday. Would that timeline work for you?

Company A: That would be perfect. I appreciate your willingness to find a compromise on this issue.

Company B: Likewise. These discussions may take time, but they're important to ensure a smooth working relationship going forward.

Диалог 3: Ведение переговоров с разными культурными подходами

American Executive: Let's get straight to the point. We need to finalize this distribution agreement today if possible. Here's our offer: exclusive rights for your company in the Asian market with a 25% markup on wholesale prices.

Japanese Partner: Thank you for your offer. We appreciate your company's reputation for quality products. Our team has carefully studied your proposal.

American Executive: Great. What aspects of the offer work for you, and what would you like to change?

Japanese Partner: We value the possibility of a long-term partnership with your company. However, we believe that building a strong presence in the Asian market will require significant investment on our part.

American Executive: I understand. Are you suggesting that the 25% markup doesn't provide enough margin to cover your investment?

Japanese Partner: The market entry strategy would involve considerable adaptation costs. We would need to carefully consider the financial implications.

American Executive: I see. Would a 30% markup be more in line with your investment needs?

Japanese Partner: That would certainly help address some of our concerns. We are also interested in the exclusivity period. Your proposal mentions three years.

American Executive: Yes, we typically start with a three-year agreement to allow both parties to evaluate the partnership. Is that timeframe problematic?

Japanese Partner: In our experience, establishing strong market positioning requires a longer-term commitment. We would be making substantial initial investments in marketing and relationship-building.

American Executive: That's a fair point. What timeframe would you suggest?

Japanese Partner: A five-year agreement would provide more security for our investment. Of course, with appropriate performance metrics.

American Executive: A five-year exclusive agreement is longer than we typically offer, but I can see why it makes sense given the market. What if we did a five-year agreement with performance targets that need to be met after year three to maintain exclusivity?

Japanese Partner: That could be a reasonable approach. We would want to ensure that the performance metrics are achievable and take into account the market development phase.

American Executive: Absolutely. We can work together to set realistic targets based on market research. Would you be comfortable with minimum annual purchase volumes increasing gradually over the five years?

Japanese Partner: Yes, a graduated approach to minimum volumes would align with our market development strategy. Would your company be able to provide marketing support and training for our team?

American Executive: We hadn't included that in the original offer, but we could certainly provide initial training and some marketing materials. Would that help address your concerns?

Japanese Partner: Yes, that would be valuable. With these adjustments – the 30% markup, five-year agreement with performance review after year three, and training support – I believe we are moving toward a mutually beneficial arrangement.

American Executive: I think so too. I'll draft an updated proposal with these terms and send it to you tomorrow. Is there anything else you'd like to discuss before we wrap up today's meeting?

Japanese Partner: I believe we have covered the main points. We look forward to receiving the updated proposal and continuing our discussion.

American Executive: Great. I appreciate your thoughtful approach to this negotiation. I think we're building a strong foundation for our partnership.

🧠 Мнемотехники для запоминания языкового материала

1. "PREP" для структурирования аргументов

  • Point (точка зрения): "Our position is..."
  • Reason (причина): "The reason is..."
  • Example (пример): "For example..."
  • Point restated (повторение точки зрения): "That's why we believe..."

2. "CALM" для смягчения высказываний

  • Clarify with questions (уточнение вопросами): "Could you explain...?"
  • Acknowledge their position (признание позиции): "I understand your point about..."
  • Link to mutual benefits (связь с взаимной выгодой): "We both want..."
  • Modals for suggestions (модальные глаголы для предложений): "We could/might/would..."

3. "WISE" для условных предложений в переговорах

  • Win-win proposals (First Conditional): "If we reduce the price, will you increase the order?"
  • Imagine possibilities (Second Conditional): "If we were to extend the contract, what would you offer?"
  • Scenario building (Mixed Conditional): "If we had known your priorities, we would be offering different terms."
  • Explain alternatives (with Unless, Provided that): "We can meet the deadline provided that there are no changes."

4. "OFFER" для структурирования предложений

  • Objective statement (объективное утверждение): "Based on market rates..."
  • Factual support (фактическое обоснование): "Our costs have increased by 15%..."
  • Flexible options (гибкие варианты): "We could either extend the timeline or adjust the scope..."
  • Emphasize benefits (подчеркивание выгод): "This would allow you to..."
  • Request response (запрос ответа): "How does that sound to you?"

⚠️ Типичные ошибки русскоговорящих

1. Слишком прямолинейные высказывания

Ошибка Правильно Пояснение
"Your price is too high." "We were hoping for a more competitive price point." Англоязычные переговорщики часто предпочитают менее прямолинейные формулировки
"We need 40% discount." "Would it be possible to discuss a discount in the range of 40%?" Формулировка запроса как вопроса звучит менее требовательно
"This is not acceptable." "I'm afraid we have some concerns about this proposal." Смягчение отказа помогает сохранить конструктивную атмосферу
"You must deliver by May 1." "Meeting a May 1st deadline would be crucial for our project timeline." Объяснение важности срока вместо командного тона

2. Неправильное использование условных предложений

Ошибка Правильно Пояснение
"If you will reduce the price, we will increase the order." "If you reduce the price, we will increase the order." В if-части First Conditional используется Present Simple, а не Future
"If you would agree to our terms, we would sign today." "If you agreed to our terms, we would sign today." В if-части Second Conditional используется Past Simple, а не would
"We will consider your proposal if it will be improved." "We will consider your proposal if it is improved." Еще один пример неправильного использования Future Simple в if-части
"If we would know your requirements earlier..." "If we had known your requirements earlier..." В Third Conditional используется Past Perfect, а не would know

3. Проблемы с модальными глаголами

Ошибка Правильно Пояснение
"You must to agree with our terms." "You must agree with our terms." или лучше "We would need you to agree to our terms." После must не используется to; вторая версия звучит менее настойчиво
"We can to offer you a discount." "We can offer you a discount." После can не используется to
"I not can accept this condition." "I cannot accept this condition." Неправильный порядок слов в отрицательной форме
"Must we decide today?" "Do we have to decide today?" Вопрос с must звучит неестественно; лучше использовать have to

4. Дословный перевод русских конструкций

Русское выражение Неправильный перевод Правильный вариант на английском
"Нас это не устраивает" "This doesn't arrange us." "This doesn't work for us." или "This isn't suitable for us."
"Давайте вернемся к этому вопросу" "Let's return to this question." "Let's come back to this issue."
"Мы настаиваем на своих условиях" "We insist on our conditions." "We need to stand firm on our terms."
"С нашей стороны это невыгодно" "From our side this is not profitable." "This wouldn't be advantageous for us."
"Пойти на встречу" "Go to the meeting" "Meet halfway" или "make a concession"

📝 Итоговая таблица: языковые аспекты ведения переговоров

Коммуникативная задача Грамматические конструкции Полезные фразы Стратегия
Выдвижение предложения

• Модальные глаголы would/could

• First Conditional

• Present Simple для фактов

• "We propose..."

• "What if we..."

• "We're prepared to offer..."

Четко обозначить предложение

Подчеркнуть выгоды

Использовать факты для обоснования

Уточнение позиции

• Вопросы с модальными глаголами

Present Perfect для связи с прошлым опытом

• Reported Speech

• "Could you clarify..."

• "If I understand correctly..."

• "You've mentioned that..."

Проявлять искренний интерес

Перефразировать для проверки понимания

Не делать поспешных выводов

Выражение несогласия

• Смягчающие конструкции

• Second Conditional для гипотез

• Concessive clauses (although, while)

• "I see your point, however..."

• "We appreciate your position, but..."

• "That's an interesting perspective, although..."

Начинать с признания позиции другой стороны

Объяснять причины несогласия

Предлагать альтернативы

Ведение торга

• Comparative forms

• If-clauses с trade-offs

• Modal verbs для возможностей

• "If you increase X, we could reduce Y."

• "The more you..., the more we..."

• "Would you consider..."

Фокусироваться на взаимных интересах

Предлагать обмен уступками

Использовать объективные критерии

Достижение компромисса

• First Conditional для соглашений

• Future forms для обязательств

• Present Perfect для подведения итогов

• "We've agreed to..."

• "Both parties will..."

• "We've found middle ground on..."

Четко сформулировать достигнутые договоренности

Подтвердить обязательства

Завершить на позитивной ноте

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Модальные глаголы в переговорах

Переформулируйте следующие предложения, используя указанные модальные глаголы, чтобы сделать их более дипломатичными:

  1. "We want a 15% discount." (would)
  2. "You need to deliver by June 1st." (could)
  3. "This price is too high." (might)
  4. "We don't accept these payment terms." (would)
  5. "You have to improve the quality." (should)
  6. "We give you exclusive rights." (could)
  7. "I don't agree with your assessment." (might)
  8. "This deadline is impossible." (may)

Упражнение 2: Условные предложения для переговоров

Составьте условные предложения разных типов для следующих ситуаций переговоров:

  1. Предложение скидки в обмен на увеличение объема заказа (First Conditional)
  2. Обсуждение гипотетического сотрудничества с партнером (Second Conditional)
  3. Анализ ошибок в прошлых переговорах (Third Conditional)
  4. Установление требований для продолжения сотрудничества (with "provided that")
  5. Объяснение последствий задержки поставки (with "unless")
  6. Обсуждение компромиссного решения (Mixed Conditional)

Упражнение 3: Перефразирование и активное слушание

Напишите ответы, демонстрирующие активное слушание, для следующих высказываний партнера по переговорам:

  1. "We're concerned about the quality control measures outlined in your proposal."
  2. "The timeline you've suggested doesn't give us enough flexibility for internal review."
  3. "While your price is competitive, your payment terms are more stringent than other suppliers."
  4. "We need exclusive rights in the Asian market to justify our investment."
  5. "Our team is hesitant about the maintenance costs over the long term."

Упражнение 4: Сценарии переговоров

Для каждого из следующих сценариев напишите мини-диалог (4-6 реплик), используя соответствующие грамматические конструкции и лексику:

  1. Вы пытаетесь договориться о снижении цены в обмен на долгосрочный контракт.
  2. Вы объясняете, почему не можете принять предложенные сроки поставки.
  3. Вы предлагаете компромиссное решение по вопросу интеллектуальной собственности.
  4. Вы реагируете на категорическое требование другой стороны.

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1: Анализ реальных переговоров

Найдите и проанализируйте видео с переговорами на английском языке (например, фрагмент из фильма, ТВ-шоу или обучающее видео о ведении переговоров). Выпишите:

  1. 10 ключевых фраз, используемых в переговорах
  2. 5 примеров модальных глаголов и их функции
  3. 3 примера условных предложений
  4. 5 примеров дипломатического языка или смягчающих выражений

Задание 2: Подготовка к переговорам

Представьте, что вам предстоят переговоры по одной из следующих тем:

  • Повышение зарплаты на текущей работе
  • Заключение контракта с новым поставщиком
  • Разрешение конфликта с клиентом

Подготовьте:

  1. Вашу основную позицию и интересы (5-7 предложений)
  2. Список из 10 ключевых фраз, которые вы планируете использовать
  3. 3 возможных компромисса, которые вы готовы предложить (используя условные предложения)
  4. 5 вопросов для уточнения позиции другой стороны

Задание 3: Ролевая игра "Переговоры"

С партнером или одногруппником проведите ролевую игру-переговоры на английском языке (15-20 минут) по одному из следующих сценариев:

  1. Переговоры о цене и условиях поставки товара
  2. Обсуждение условий сотрудничества с новым бизнес-партнером
  3. Пересмотр существующего контракта с клиентом

После ролевой игры проанализируйте:

  • Использование модальных глаголов и условных предложений
  • Эффективность стратегий убеждения
  • Качество активного слушания
  • Успешность достижения компромисса

Задание 4: Письменные переговоры

Напишите серию из трех электронных писем, имитирующих процесс переговоров:

  1. Первое письмо: Первоначальное предложение (150-200 слов)
  2. Второе письмо: Ответ с контрпредложением (150-200 слов)
  3. Третье письмо: Достижение компромисса (150-200 слов)

В каждом письме используйте соответствующую лексику, грамматические конструкции и стилистические особенности делового английского языка.

Задание 5: Создание "шпаргалки" для переговоров

Составьте персональную "шпаргалку" для переговоров на английском языке, включающую:

  1. 10 фраз для начала переговоров
  2. 10 фраз для выражения несогласия
  3. 10 фраз для предложения компромисса
  4. 10 фраз для завершения переговоров
  5. 5 фраз для тактичного прерывания собеседника
  6. 5 фраз для возвращения к обсуждению после отвлечения

📝 Ответы к упражнениям

Ответы к упражнению на модальные глаголы

  1. "We would like to request a 15% discount."
  2. "Could you deliver by June 1st?"
  3. "The price might be somewhat higher than we anticipated."
  4. "We would prefer different payment terms."
  5. "It should be possible to improve the quality."
  6. "We could offer you exclusive rights."
  7. "I might have a slightly different view of your assessment."
  8. "This deadline may be challenging to meet."

Ответы к упражнению на условные предложения

 

  1. a) "If our supplier delivers the materials on time, we will complete the project by the deadline." b) "If we had more resources, we would offer you a faster turnaround time." c) "If they had been more flexible with their requirements, we could have finished the project last month." d) "We cannot guarantee the delivery date unless you confirm the order today." e) "I would consider your proposal provided that you improved the payment terms."

  2. a) "Unless you pay the invoice by Friday, we will charge a late fee." → "We will not charge a late fee unless you fail to pay the invoice by Friday." b) "If you give us more time, we can offer a better solution." → "Provided that you give us more time, we can offer a better solution." c) "If you increase your order to 500 units, we will give you a 10% discount." → "On condition that you increase your order to 500 units, we will give you a 10% discount." d) "What would you do if we offered you exclusive rights for one year?" → "Supposing we offered you exclusive rights for one year, what would you do?"