Урок 6 (B1): Present Perfect Continuous: действия, начатые в прошлом и продолжающиеся сейчас

В предыдущих уроках мы рассмотрели Present Perfect Simple и узнали, как это время связывает прошлое с настоящим. Мы изучили его использование с наречиями, с for и since для выражения длительности, а также его особенности в разговорной речи. Сегодня мы переходим к следующему важному времени — Present Perfect Continuous.

Present Perfect Continuous — время, которое делает особый акцент на продолжительности действия. Если Present Perfect Simple фокусируется на результате действия, то Present Perfect Continuous подчеркивает сам процесс и его длительность. Это время помогает нам рассказать о действиях, которые начались в прошлом, продолжались некоторое время и либо только что закончились, либо всё еще продолжаются в момент речи.

Понимание разницы между Present Perfect Simple и Present Perfect Continuous поможет вам значительно улучшить ваши навыки английской речи и сделать ваши высказывания более точными и естественными.

🎯 Основные концепции

📚 Формирование Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательных глаголов have/has been и формы глагола с окончанием -ing:

• Утвердительная форма: Subject + have/has + been + V-ing

  • I have been working on this project.
  • She has been studying English.

• Отрицательная форма: Subject + have/has + not + been + V-ing

  • I have not been working on this project.
  • She has not been studying English.

• Вопросительная форма: Have/Has + Subject + been + V-ing

  • Have you been working on this project?
  • Has she been studying English?

🔍 Основные случаи употребления Present Perfect Continuous

1. Действие, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи

Present Perfect Continuous часто используется для описания действий, которые начались в какой-то момент в прошлом и все еще продолжаются в момент речи:

• I have been living in New York for five years. (Я живу в Нью-Йорке пять лет, и все еще живу там)
• She has been working at this company since 2018. (Она работает в этой компании с 2018 года, и все еще работает там)
• We have been waiting for you since 10 o'clock. (Мы ждем вас с 10 часов, и все еще ждем)

2. Действие, которое недавно закончилось, с видимым результатом или последствиями

Present Perfect Continuous также используется для описания действий, которые недавно завершились, но их результаты или последствия очевидны в настоящий момент:

• I'm tired because I have been running. (Я устал, потому что бегал — действие закончилось, но усталость осталась)
• Why are your clothes wet? — I have been washing the car. (Почему твоя одежда мокрая? — Я мыл машину — действие закончилось, но одежда осталась мокрой)
• Her eyes are red because she has been crying. (Ее глаза красные, потому что она плакала — действие закончилось, но глаза остались красными)

3. Действие, которое происходило на протяжении недавнего периода, с акцентом на длительность

Present Perfect Continuous подчеркивает длительность или непрерывность действия:

• I have been reading this book all week. (Я читаю эту книгу всю неделю — акцент на продолжительности)
• She has been preparing for this exam for months. (Она готовится к этому экзамену месяцами — акцент на усилиях)
• They have been saving money for a new house for years. (Они копят деньги на новый дом годами — акцент на процессе)

📚 Сравнение Present Perfect Simple и Present Perfect Continuous

Выбор между Present Perfect Simple и Present Perfect Continuous часто зависит от того, на чем мы хотим сделать акцент: на результате или на процессе/длительности:

Present Perfect Simple (акцент на результате):

• I have read three books this week. (Я прочитал три книги на этой неделе — акцент на количестве и результате)
• She has visited Paris twice. (Она посетила Париж дважды — акцент на опыте)
• They have built a new house. (Они построили новый дом — акцент на завершенном результате)

Present Perfect Continuous (акцент на процессе/длительности):

• I have been reading this book all week. (Я читаю эту книгу всю неделю — акцент на процессе)
• She has been visiting galleries in Paris. (Она осматривает галереи в Париже — акцент на текущем процессе)
• They have been building a new house for two years. (Они строят новый дом два года — акцент на длительности)

🔍 Использование с for и since

Так же как и Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous часто используется с предлогами for (для указания периода времени) и since (для указания начальной точки):

• I have been studying English for six months. (Я изучаю английский в течение шести месяцев)
• She has been working on this project since Monday. (Она работает над этим проектом с понедельника)
• We have been waiting for an hour. (Мы ждем час)
• They have been living here since 2015. (Они живут здесь с 2015 года)

📚 Правила и исключения

Глаголы, которые обычно не используются в Continuous формах

Некоторые глаголы, известные как «глаголы состояния» (stative verbs), обычно не используются в формах Continuous, включая Present Perfect Continuous. Вместо этого они используются в Present Perfect Simple:

Глаголы восприятия:

• see, hear, smell, taste, feel
  • ❌ I have been seeing her in town recently. (неправильно)
  • ✅ I have seen her in town recently. (правильно)

Глаголы состояния и эмоций:

• be, have (в значении «обладать»), like, love, hate, want, need, prefer
  • ❌ I have been having this car since 2010. (неправильно)
  • ✅ I have had this car since 2010. (правильно)

Глаголы мыслительной деятельности:

• know, believe, understand, remember, forget, think (в значении «полагать»), mean
  • ❌ I have been knowing him for years. (неправильно)
  • ✅ I have known him for years. (правильно)

Исключения и нюансы

1. Некоторые stative verbs могут использоваться в Continuous формах, когда они описывают действия или изменяющиеся ситуации:

• have (заниматься чем-то, а не обладать):

  • I have been having a lot of problems with my computer lately. (У меня в последнее время много проблем с компьютером)

• think (размышлять, а не полагать):

  • I have been thinking about your proposal. (Я размышляю над вашим предложением)

• see (встречаться, а не видеть):

  • She has been seeing a therapist for her anxiety. (Она посещает терапевта из-за тревожности)

2. В американском английском Present Perfect Continuous иногда заменяется на Present Perfect Simple, особенно в разговорной речи:

• I have worked here for five years. (вместо I have been working here for five years)
• She has studied English since January. (вместо She has been studying English since January)

3. В отрицательных предложениях с for и since разница между Present Perfect Simple и Continuous часто стирается:

• I haven't seen him for ages. = I haven't been seeing him for ages.
• She hasn't visited us since last summer. = She hasn't been visiting us since last summer.

Особенности употребления в американском английском

В американском английском есть некоторые особенности использования Present Perfect Continuous:

1. Чаще используется Present Perfect Simple вместо Continuous для выражения длительных действий, особенно в разговорной речи:

   • "I have lived here for ten years." (вместо "I have been living here for ten years.")

2. Более частое использование Past Simple вместо Present Perfect Continuous для недавно завершенных действий:

   • "I'm tired because I ran 5 miles." (вместо "I'm tired because I have been running 5 miles.")

3. Сокращенные формы в разговорной речи:

   • "I**'ve been studying** all night." (сокращение от "I have been studying")
   • "She**'s been working** too hard." (сокращение от "She has been working")

🧠 Мнемотехники

1. "POLE" для запоминания основных случаев употребления Present Perfect Continuous

• P - Process ongoing (продолжающийся процесс)
• O - Ongoing action with duration (длящееся действие с указанием продолжительности)
• L - Leftover effects (видимые последствия недавно завершившегося действия)
• E - Emphasis on the activity, not result (акцент на активности, а не на результате)

2. "RIP" для различения Present Perfect Simple и Present Perfect Continuous

• Result → Present Perfect Simple (Rezultat → Simple)
• In progress → Present Perfect Continuous (I process → Continuous)
• Process duration → Present Perfect Continuous (Prodolzhitelnost → Continuous)

3. Визуальный образ "Маляр и стена"

Представьте маляра, который красит стену:

• Present Perfect Simple: "Он покрасил стену" — акцент на результате (стена покрашена)
• Present Perfect Continuous: "Он красит стену уже 3 часа" — акцент на процессе и его длительности

4. Ассоциация со словом "BEEN"

BEEN в структуре "have/has been + V-ing" похоже на слово "BEAN" (боб), который растёт медленно и постепенно — так же как и действия в Present Perfect Continuous развиваются и продолжаются.

⚠️ Типичные ошибки русскоговорящих

1. Использование Present Continuous вместо Present Perfect Continuous

   • ❌ I am waiting for you for two hours. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ I have been waiting for you for two hours. (Правильно)

2. Использование Present Perfect Simple с глаголами действия, когда нужно подчеркнуть длительность процесса

   • ❌ I have worked on this project all day. (Не совсем точно, если хотим подчеркнуть непрерывность процесса)
   • ✅ I have been working on this project all day. (Правильно)

3. Использование Present Perfect Continuous с глаголами состояния

   • ❌ I have been knowing him for years. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ I have known him for years. (Правильно)

4. Неправильное формирование вопросов

   • ❌ You have been waiting long? (Неправильный порядок слов)
   • ✅ Have you been waiting long? (Правильно)

5. Путаница между "been" и "being"

   • ❌ I have being working all day. (Неправильно)
   • ✅ I have been working all day. (Правильно)

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: После работы

Alex: You look tired. What have you been doing all day?
Maria: I have been working on that new project since morning. I haven't even had lunch.
Alex: No wonder you're exhausted! I have been looking for you, actually. The boss wants to see the preliminary results.
Maria: Really? But I have been focusing on the research part, and I haven't compiled any results yet.
Alex: Don't worry. He just wants to know how long you have been researching and what direction you're taking.
Maria: Well, I have been gathering data for the past week, and today I have been analyzing it. I can show him what I have so far.
Alex: That should be fine. By the way, how long have you been working here?
Maria: I have been working here for about two years now. What about you?
Alex: I have been with the company since 2019. It'll be four years next month.

Диалог 2: Встреча друзей

Lisa: Sarah! I haven't seen you in ages! What have you been up to?
Sarah: Hi Lisa! I have been traveling a lot for work. I have been visiting our international offices since I got promoted last year.
Lisa: That's amazing! Which countries have you been going to?
Sarah: Mostly European countries. I have been spending a lot of time in Germany and France. How about you? How's the new house?
Lisa: We have been renovating it for months! It's finally almost done. Tom has been painting the living room all week.
Sarah: That's why you look so tired! Have you been sleeping well?
Lisa: Not really. We have been staying with my parents while the renovation is happening, and their guest bed is terrible.
Sarah: Well, at least it's almost over. Have you been taking any time for yourself?
Lisa: Actually, I have been attending yoga classes since last month. It really helps with the stress.
Sarah: That's great to hear! I have been thinking about starting yoga too.

Диалог 3: На собеседовании

Interviewer: So, Ms. Johnson, I see from your résumé that you have been working in marketing for the past five years.
Candidate: Yes, that's right. I have been specializing in digital marketing since I graduated from university.
Interviewer: Interesting. What specific projects have you been handling in your current position?
Candidate: I have been managing our company's social media strategy. I also have been developing content marketing campaigns for our major clients.
Interviewer: And how long have you been looking for a new opportunity?
Candidate: I have been considering a change for about six months, but I have been actively searching for only a few weeks.
Interviewer: I see. What skills have you been improving recently that you think would be valuable for this position?
Candidate: I have been learning more about data analytics, and I have been practicing my public speaking skills by giving presentations at industry conferences.
Interviewer: Excellent. We have been growing our analytics team, so those skills would definitely be useful.

📚 Итоговая таблица

Формирование Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous

Случаи употребления Present Perfect Continuous

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Выберите правильную форму (Present Perfect Simple или Present Perfect Continuous)

1. I _______ (study) for this exam all week, and I'm still not ready. a) have studied b) have been studying

2. She _______ (finish) all her assignments already. a) has finished b) has been finishing

3. How many pages _______ (read) today? a) have you read b) have you been reading

4. My eyes hurt because I _______ (look) at the computer screen for hours. a) have looked b) have been looking

5. They _______ (live) in this city since 2010. a) have lived b) have been living

6. I _______ (know) him for ten years. a) have known b) have been knowing

7. She _______ (teach) at this school for a long time. a) has taught b) has been teaching

8. How long _______ (wait) for the bus? a) have you waited b) have you been waiting

Упражнение 2: Сформируйте предложения, используя Present Perfect Continuous

1. she / study / English / for three years
2. I / wait / for you / since 10 o'clock
3. they / live / in Chicago / since 2018
4. he / not work / here / for long
5. we / travel / around Europe / for two months
6. how long / you / learn / to play the piano
7. the children / play / in the garden / all morning
8. it / rain / since yesterday

Упражнение 3: Исправьте ошибки в предложениях

1. She have been working here since June.
2. I has been studying all night.
3. They been waiting for the train for two hours.
4. How long you have been learning English?
5. We have been knowing each other for years.
6. I am waiting here for two hours.
7. He have been being a teacher for ten years.
8. She has been see the doctor regularly.

Упражнение 4: Переведите предложения с русского на английский, используя Present Perfect Continuous

1. Я жду тебя уже два часа.
2. Она работает в этой компании с 2019 года.
3. Они строят новый дом уже шесть месяцев.
4. Как долго ты изучаешь английский?
5. Мы не разговаривали с прошлого года.
6. Дети играют в саду всё утро.
7. Почему ты такой уставший? — Я бегаю.
8. Он готовится к экзаменам уже несколько недель.

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1: Составьте 8 предложений с Present Perfect Continuous, описывающих ваши действия

Используйте следующие идеи:

• Ваше обучение (изучение языка, подготовка к экзамену и т.д.)
• Ваша работа или учеба
• Ваши хобби и увлечения
• Ваши планы и подготовка к чему-либо
• Изменения в вашей жизни

Задание 2: Составьте диалог (минимум 10 реплик), используя Present Perfect Continuous и Present Perfect Simple

Возможные темы:

• Встреча с другом, которого давно не видели
• Собеседование на работу
• Разговор с одноклассником о подготовке к экзаменам
• Беседа с соседом о ремонте

Задание 3: Заполните пропуски, выбрав правильную форму глагола (Present Perfect Simple или Present Perfect Continuous)

1. I _______ (try) to contact you all week. Where have you been?
2. She _______ (write) three novels in the past five years.
3. We _______ (have) this car since 2015.
4. How long _______ (you/work) on this project?
5. I _______ (not/sleep) well lately. I'm so tired.
6. He _______ (learn) five languages in his lifetime.
7. It _______ (snow) all day. The roads are completely blocked.
8. How many pages _______ (you/read) so far?
9. They _______ (live) in this neighborhood for over 20 years.
10. She looks exhausted because she _______ (exercise) for hours.

Задание 4: Опишите картинку, используя Present Perfect Continuous

Представьте, что вы видите картину, на которой изображена семья во время пикника в парке. Опишите, чем члены семьи занимались до момента, запечатленного на картинке, используя Present Perfect Continuous. Напишите минимум 8 предложений.

Задание 5: Исправьте ошибки в тексте

I have been knowing my best friend for ten years. We been going to the same school since we were children. Recently, he has been having a lot of problems because he is working too hard. He have been preparing for his exams since January, and he is studying all the time. I am worrying about him for weeks because he doesn't look healthy. He have been sleeping only 4 hours a night, and he doesn't eating properly. I have been trying to convince him to take a break, but he doesn't listen. His parents have been knowing about the situation, but they don't know what to do. I hope he will be finished his exams soon.

Ответы к упражнениям

Упражнение 1

1. b) have been studying
2. a) has finished
3. a) have you read
4. b) have been looking
5. a) have lived или b) have been living (оба варианта возможны)
6. a) have known
7. a) has taught или b) has been teaching (оба варианта возможны)
8. b) have you been waiting

Упражнение 2

1. She has been studying English for three years.
2. I have been waiting for you since 10 o'clock.
3. They have been living in Chicago since 2018.
4. He has not been working here for long.
5. We have been traveling around Europe for two months.
6. How long have you been learning to play the piano?
7. The children have been playing in the garden all morning.
8. It has been raining since yesterday.

Упражнение 3

1. She has been working here since June.
2. I have been studying all night.
3. They have been waiting for the train for two hours.
4. How long have you been learning English?
5. We have known each other for years. (глагол know не используется в Continuous)
6. I have been waiting here for two hours.
7. He has been a teacher for ten years. (глагол be обычно не используется в Continuous)
8. She has been seeing the doctor regularly.

Упражнение 4

1. I have been waiting for you for two hours.
2. She has been working in this company since 2019.
3. They have been building a new house for six months.
4. How long have you been studying English?
5. We haven't been talking since last year.
6. The children have been playing in the garden all morning.
7. Why are you so tired? — I have been running.
8. He has been preparing for exams for several weeks.