Урок 8 (B2): Пассивные конструкции: сложные формы и использование в формальном стиле

Привет! В предыдущем уроке мы освоили элегантное искусство инверсии. Сегодня мы погружаемся в еще один мощный инструмент формального английского языка — сложные пассивные конструкции.

Пассивный залог — это не просто грамматическая структура, это способ мышления, который позволяет:

• Сделать речь более формальной и объективной
• Сосредоточить внимание на действии, а не на том, кто его выполняет
• Звучать более дипломатично и тактично
• Создавать академический и научный стиль

Если активный залог говорит "Я сделал это", то пассивный залог элегантно утверждает "Это было сделано". Чувствуете разницу в тоне?

На уровне B2 вы должны владеть не только базовыми формами пассива, но и сложными конструкциями, которые используются в:

• Деловой переписке и отчетах
• Академических работах и исследованиях
• Юридических документах
• Научных публикациях
• Официальных заявлениях

Готовы освоить эти продвинутые структуры? Начинаем наше путешествие в мир формального английского!

🎯 Основные концепции: От простого к сложному

🔍 Краткое повторение базовых форм пассива

Формула базового пассива: be + Past Participle

Основные времена:

• Present Simple: The report is written every month.
• Past Simple: The building was constructed in 1995.
• Present Perfect: The project has been completed.
• Future Simple: The meeting will be held tomorrow.

🔍 Зачем нужны сложные пассивные конструкции?

1. Объективность: Mistakes were made (вместо "We made mistakes")
2. Формальность: It is believed that... (вместо "People believe that...")
3. Дипломатичность: Your proposal will be considered (вместо "We will consider your proposal")
4. Научный стиль: The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions

📚 Сложные временные формы пассива

🔍 Continuous формы в пассиве

Present Continuous Passive

Формула: am/is/are + being + Past Participle

• The building is being renovated at the moment.
• New policies are being implemented across the company.
• The patient is being treated by the best doctors.

Past Continuous Passive

Формула: was/were + being + Past Participle

• The road was being repaired when the accident happened.
• The documents were being reviewed by the legal team.
• The problem was being discussed during the meeting.

Примечание: Future Continuous Passive практически не используется в современном английском.

🔍 Perfect формы в пассиве

Present Perfect Passive

Формула: have/has + been + Past Participle

• The decision has been made by the board of directors.
• Three new employees have been hired this month.
• The software has been updated to the latest version.

Past Perfect Passive

Формула: had + been + Past Participle

• The project had been completed before the deadline.
• The evidence had been destroyed before the investigation began.
• The contract had been signed by all parties.

Future Perfect Passive

Формула: will + have + been + Past Participle

• The construction will have been finished by next summer.
• All preparations will have been made before the event.
• The report will have been submitted by Friday.

📚 Модальные глаголы в пассивных конструкциях

🔍 Простые модальные конструкции

Формула: Modal verb + be + Past Participle

Can/Could

• This problem can be solved easily.
• The meeting could be postponed until next week.
• Such behavior cannot be tolerated in our organization.

Must/Have to

• All documents must be submitted by the deadline.
• The rules have to be followed by everyone.
• Safety procedures must be observed at all times.

Should/Ought to

• This issue should be addressed immediately.
• The policy ought to be revised considering recent changes.
• More attention should be paid to environmental concerns.

May/Might

• The decision may be announced next week.
• The project might be cancelled due to budget constraints.
• Additional funding may be required for completion.

🔍 Perfect модальные конструкции в пассиве

Формула: Modal verb + have + been + Past Participle

Could have been

• The accident could have been avoided with proper precautions.
• The error could have been prevented through better communication.

Should have been

• The report should have been completed last week.
• More resources should have been allocated to this project.

Must have been

• The decision must have been made at the highest level.
• The information must have been leaked by someone inside.

Might have been

• The results might have been different under other circumstances.
• The project might have been successful with more funding.

📚 Безличные пассивные конструкции

🔍 Конструкции с "It"

Эти конструкции используются для выражения общих мнений, убеждений и фактов без указания источника.

It is said that... (Говорят, что...)

• It is said that the company will merge with its competitor.
• It was said that he had connections in high places.

It is believed that... (Считается, что...)

• It is believed that climate change is accelerating.
• It was believed that the theory was correct.

It is reported that... (Сообщается, что...)

• It is reported that sales have increased by 15%.
• It was reported that the negotiations were successful.

It is expected that... (Ожидается, что...)

• It is expected that the results will be announced soon.
• It was expected that more people would attend.

It is thought that... (Полагают, что...)

• It is thought that the new policy will be effective.
• It was thought that the project would be completed on time.

It is known that... (Известно, что...)

• It is known that exercise improves mental health.
• It was known that the situation was deteriorating.

It is assumed that... (Предполагается, что...)

• It is assumed that all participants have read the guidelines.
• It was assumed that the data was accurate.

🔍 Конструкции с подлежащим-существительным

Формула: Subject + is/are + said/believed/thought/known + to + Verb

Настоящее время

• The CEO is said to be considering resignation.
• The company is believed to have financial difficulties.
• She is known to be an expert in her field.

Прошедшее время

• The politician was reported to have met with foreign officials.
• The building was thought to be structurally unsound.
• He was believed to have left the country.

Continuous формы

• The negotiations are said to be progressing well.
• The situation was reported to be deteriorating rapidly.

Perfect формы

• The scientist is believed to have discovered a new element.
• The company was said to have been struggling for months.

📚 Особенности пассива в американском английском

🔍 Предпочтения в использовании

1. Краткость в деловом общении:

   • Британский: It has been decided that the meeting will be postponed.
   • Американский: The meeting has been postponed.

2. Прямолинейность:

   • Формальный: Your application is being processed.
   • Американский разговорный: We're processing your application.

3. Менее формальные альтернативы:

   • Вместо: It is believed that...
   • Используют: People believe that... или We believe that...

🔍 Специфические американские конструкции

Get-passive (разговорный стиль)

• The car got damaged in the accident. (= was damaged)
• She got promoted last month. (= was promoted)
• The project got cancelled unexpectedly. (= was cancelled)

Примечание: Get-passive более эмоционален и менее формален, чем be-passive.

Пассивные конструкции в американском деловом стиле

• Going forward, changes will be implemented. (Американский деловой)
• Actionable items have been identified. (Американский корпоративный)
• Stakeholders will be kept informed. (Стандартная фраза)

🧠 Мнемотехники для запоминания сложных пассивных форм

1. Пирамида пассива "BMPH"

Base (Основа): BE + Past Participle
Modal (Модальные): MODAL + be + Past Participle  
Perfect (Перфект): have + been + Past Participle
Hybrid (Гибрид): MODAL + have + been + Past Participle

2. Мнемоника безличных конструкций "SREBTAK"

• Said (It is said that...)
• Reported (It is reported that...)
• Expected (It is expected that...)
• Believed (It is believed that...)
• Thought (It is thought that...)
• Assumed (It is assumed that...)
• Known (It is known that...)

3. Формула трансформации "APS"

Active → Passive → Subject focus

• Active: People say he is rich.
• Passive: It is said that he is rich.
• Subject focus: He is said to be rich.

4. Правило "Формальной дистанции"

Чем больше расстояние между автором и действием, тем формальнее звучит:

• Близко: I think... (неформально)
• Дальше: It is thought... (формально)
• Максимально далеко: It has been suggested that it might be thought... (сверхформально)

⚠️ Типичные ошибки русскоговорящих

1. Неправильное использование времен в пассиве

   ❌ The house is being built for two years. (Путаница времен)
   ✅ The house has been being built for two years. (Хотя эту форму лучше избегать)
   ✅ The house has been under construction for two years.

2. Ошибки с модальными глаголами

   ❌ The problem must be solved yesterday. (Путаница времен)
   ✅ The problem should have been solved yesterday.

3. Неправильные безличные конструкции

   ❌ It is said him to be rich. (Неправильная структура)
   ✅ It is said that he is rich. или He is said to be rich.

4. Избыточное использование пассива

   ❌ Mistakes were made by me and lessons were learned by me. (Излишний пассив)
   ✅ I made mistakes and learned from them.

5. Calque с русского языка

   ❌ The book is reading by many people. (Калька с русского)
   ✅ The book is being read by many people. или The book is read by many people.

6. Неправильные предлоги

   ❌ The decision was made from the manager. (Неправильный предлог)
   ✅ The decision was made by the manager.

👥 Практические диалоги

Диалог 1: Корпоративное совещание

CEO: Let's review the quarterly results. It has been reported that our sales have exceeded expectations.

CFO: Indeed. It should be noted that these results were achieved despite challenging market conditions.

Marketing Director: Our new campaign is being implemented across all channels. It is expected that we'll see even better results next quarter.

Operations Manager: Several issues have been identified in our supply chain. They are currently being addressed by our logistics team.

CEO: What measures are being taken to prevent future disruptions?

Operations Manager: New protocols have been established and additional suppliers are being contacted to ensure redundancy.

HR Director: It should be mentioned that our employee satisfaction scores have been improved significantly this year.

CEO: That's excellent news. How was this improvement achieved?

HR Director: A comprehensive training program was implemented and feedback systems were established to better address employee concerns.

CFO: It must be emphasized that these positive trends need to be sustained throughout the rest of the year.

CEO: Agreed. Regular reviews will be conducted to ensure we stay on track.

Диалог 2: Академическая конференция

Professor Smith: It has been suggested in recent studies that climate change impacts are being underestimated by current models.

Dr. Johnson: That's an interesting point. What methodology was used in these studies?

Professor Smith: Multiple datasets were analyzed and new statistical techniques were applied to account for previously ignored variables.

Dr. Chen: It should be pointed out that similar conclusions have been reached by researchers in our department.

Professor Smith: Your work is known to be groundbreaking in this field. Have your findings been peer-reviewed yet?

Dr. Chen: The paper is currently being reviewed by three independent experts. It is expected to be published next month.

Dr. Johnson: If these findings are confirmed, existing policies will need to be reconsidered.

Professor Smith: Absolutely. It is hoped that policymakers will be influenced by this evidence.

Dr. Chen: Public awareness campaigns should also be launched to ensure the general public is informed about these developments.

Dr. Johnson: It has been proven that effective communication can be achieved through collaboration between scientists and media professionals.

Диалог 3: Юридическая консультация

Lawyer: Your case has been reviewed thoroughly. Several legal precedents have been identified that support your position.

Client: What strategy is being recommended by your team?

Lawyer: It is believed that a settlement can be negotiated without going to trial. This approach is often preferred as it saves time and money.

Client: What terms are likely to be offered by the other party?

Lawyer: Based on similar cases, it is anticipated that compensation will be offered in the range of $50,000 to $100,000.

Client: How long will negotiations be expected to take?

Lawyer: It is estimated that an agreement can be reached within 30 to 60 days, provided both parties are motivated to settle.

Client: What happens if no agreement is reached?

Lawyer: If settlement talks fail, the case will be taken to court. It should be noted that court proceedings can be prolonged and outcomes cannot be guaranteed.

Client: I understand. What documents need to be prepared for either scenario?

Lawyer: All relevant evidence has been compiled and witness statements are being gathered. Additional documentation may be required depending on how negotiations proceed.

Client: It is reassuring to know that my case is being handled so professionally.

📚 Пассивные конструкции в различных контекстах

🔍 Научные тексты

Методология:

• The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions.
• Data were collected over a six-month period.
• Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.

Результаты:

• Significant differences were observed between the two groups.
• The hypothesis was supported by the evidence.
• Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

🔍 Деловые документы

Отчеты:

• Sales targets have been exceeded by 15%.
• New policies are being implemented company-wide.
• Cost reduction measures will be introduced next quarter.

Письма и меморандумы:

• Your application is being processed by our team.
• The decision will be communicated within 48 hours.
• All stakeholders have been notified of the changes.

🔍 Юридические документы

Контракты:

• Payment shall be made within 30 days.
• Confidentiality must be maintained at all times.
• Disputes will be resolved through arbitration.

Судебные документы:

• The defendant is accused of fraud.
• Evidence was presented to support the claim.
• The verdict will be announced next Friday.

📚 Итоговая таблица: Сложные пассивные конструкции

📝 Упражнения

Упражнение 1: Преобразуйте в пассивные конструкции

1. They are currently reviewing all applications.
2. The company had completed the merger before the announcement.
3. We will have finished the project by next month.
4. Someone must have stolen the documents.
5. They should have informed us earlier.
6. People believe that he is innocent.
7. Everyone knows that she is an expert.
8. They report that sales have increased.
9. People say that the restaurant serves excellent food.
10. We expect that the results will be positive.

Упражнение 2: Выберите правильную форму пассива

1. The new policy (is implementing / is being implemented / has implemented) across all departments.
2. By next year, the construction (will complete / will be completed / will have been completed).
3. The problem (should solve / should be solved / should have solved) immediately.
4. It (is believed / believes / is believing) that the economy will recover soon.
5. The CEO (is said to consider / is said to be considering / said to consider) retirement.
6. The documents (were being reviewed / were reviewed / had reviewed) when I arrived.
7. This issue (must address / must be addressed / must have addressed) before the meeting.
8. The proposal (might accept / might be accepted / might have accepted) by the board.

Упражнение 3: Исправьте ошибки в пассивных конструкциях

1. The house is building since last year.
2. It is said him to be very wealthy.
3. The project should be completed from yesterday.
4. New employees are being hired from the HR department.
5. The decision was made from the CEO personally.
6. It is believed the situation to improve soon.
7. The report is being written for three weeks now.
8. Mistakes were made from everyone involved.

Упражнение 4: Переведите, используя сложные пассивные конструкции

1. Говорят, что компания планирует расширение.
2. Ожидается, что проект будет завершен к концу года.
3. Полагают, что он является экспертом в этой области.
4. Сообщается, что переговоры проходят успешно.
5. Известно, что эта технология очень эффективна.
6. Считается, что климат меняется из-за человеческой деятельности.
7. Предполагается, что все участники прочитали инструкции.
8. Думают, что она покинула страну прошлой неделей.

📝 Домашнее задание

Задание 1: Трансформация активных конструкций

Перепишите следующий абзац, используя максимально возможное количество пассивных конструкций для создания формального стиля:

Our company announced new policies last week. The management team developed these policies over several months. We will implement the changes gradually. Employees must follow the new guidelines immediately. The HR department will provide training sessions. We expect that these changes will improve productivity. People believe that the new policies will benefit everyone.

Задание 2: Написание формального отчета

Напишите отчет о выполнении проекта (300-350 слов), используя различные пассивные конструкции. Включите:

• 5 примеров безличных конструкций (It is believed that...)
• 3 примера модальных глаголов в пассиве
• 4 примера различных временных форм пассива
• 2 примера конструкций типа "He is said to be..."

Задание 3: Анализ и трансформация

Найдите в интернете новостную статью на английском языке. Выпишите все пассивные конструкции и объясните, почему журналист выбрал пассивный залог в каждом случае. Затем перепишите 5 активных предложений из этой статьи в пассивном залоге.

Задание 4: Создание диалога

Напишите диалог между журналистом и представителем компании во время пресс-конференции (минимум 16 реплик). Используйте различные пассивные конструкции для создания формального тона. Включите:

• Безличные конструкции для передачи официальной информации
• Модальные глаголы в пассиве для выражения планов и возможностей
• Сложные временные формы пассива

Задание 5: Сравнительный анализ стилей

Напишите два варианта одного и того же сообщения:

1. Неформальное письмо другу (используя в основном активный залог)
2. Формальное деловое письмо (используя преимущественно пассивные конструкции)

Тема: объяснение задержки с выполнением проекта

Каждый текст должен содержать 150-200 слов. После написания проанализируйте, как использование пассива влияет на тон и восприятие сообщения.

📚 Ответы к упражнениям

Упражнение 1

1. All applications are currently being reviewed.
2. The merger had been completed by the company before the announcement.
3. The project will have been finished by next month.
4. The documents must have been stolen.
5. We should have been informed earlier.
6. It is believed that he is innocent. / He is believed to be innocent.
7. It is known that she is an expert. / She is known to be an expert.
8. It is reported that sales have increased. / Sales are reported to have increased.
9. It is said that the restaurant serves excellent food. / The restaurant is said to serve excellent food.
10. It is expected that the results will be positive. / The results are expected to be positive.

Упражнение 2

1. is being implemented
2. will have been completed
3. should be solved
4. is believed
5. is said to be considering
6. were being reviewed
7. must be addressed
8. might be accepted

Упражнение 3

1. ❌ The house is building since last year. → ✅ The house has been being built since last year. / The house has been under construction since last year.
2. ❌ It is said him to be very wealthy. → ✅ It is said that he is very wealthy. / He is said to be very wealthy.
3. ❌ The project should be completed from yesterday. → ✅ The project should have been completed yesterday.
4. ❌ New employees are being hired from the HR department. → ✅ New employees are being hired by the HR department.
5. ❌ The decision was made from the CEO personally. → ✅ The decision was made by the CEO personally.
6. ❌ It is believed the situation to improve soon. → ✅ It is believed that the situation will improve soon.
7. ❌ The report is being written for three weeks now. → ✅ The report has been being written for three weeks now. / The report has been in preparation for three weeks.
8. ❌ Mistakes were made from everyone involved. → ✅ Mistakes were made by everyone involved.

Упражнение 4

1. It is said that the company is planning expansion. / The company is said to be planning expansion.
2. It is expected that the project will be completed by the end of the year. / The project is expected to be completed by the end of the year.
3. It is believed that he is an expert in this field. / He is believed to be an expert in this field.
4. It is reported that the negotiations are proceeding successfully. / The negotiations are reported to be proceeding successfully.
5. It is known that this technology is very effective. / This technology is known to be very effective.
6. It is believed that the climate is changing due to human activity. / The climate is believed to be changing due to human activity.
7. It is assumed that all participants have read the instructions. / All participants are assumed to have read the instructions.
8. It is thought that she left the country last week. / She is thought to have left the country last week.